Magna Carta

Bumbiro reBrithani rine chimwe chinhu chakanyatsojeka. Iyo inowanikwa muchokwadi chokuti hakuna dhidhi mairi iyo inenge iri mutemo mukuru weUnited Kingdom. Mutungamiri weChirungu cheChirungu akagara kwenguva refu asina mutemo, uye zvose nekuda kwekuti muna 1215 nyika yakagamuchira Magna Carta. Kana tichienzanisa, pane imwe nzira yekuvandudza hukama hwehukama mumakore aya eve dzimwe nyika, saka hurumende inowanzobuda muEngland (nokuda kwechirevo) inokonzera kuremekedzwa kukuru.

Kubvira pakatanga, Magna Carta yakaramba iri nguva yekufananidzira uye chikamu chikuru chechibvumirano chisina kunyorwa asi chakajeka chakaurayiwa shanduro yeChirungu. Izwi rokuti "charter" rinoshandurwa chaizvo kubva muchiGiriki se "gwaro rakanyorwa nemaoko". Kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa mupfungwa yekufananidzira, iyo, semashoko: "kodzero", "ropafadzo".

Zvakaitika sei kuti yaiva muEngland iyo iyi nyanzvi inoshamisa yakazvarwa yakashandura hupenyu hwevanhu kwemazana emakore uye yakasimbisa kukudzwa kwevagari vayo?

Magna Carta yakaparidzirwa uye yakasayirwa musi waJune 15 muna 1215 mumupata weRwizi Thames, pedyo neguta reRannimed. Panguva iyoyo, Mambo John Lackland akatonga, uye aive akakurumbira nokuda kwekutonga kwake kusina kururama. Munyika iyo nekuda kwekutenda kwake kwakatonga kugadzirisa uye kurumbidzwa. Magna Carta yakasikwa senzira inokosha yekurwisana nekusateerera mutemo, iyo gore negore yakakura zvikuru munyika.

Mamiriro acho akanga akaoma zvikuru zvokuti, somuenzaniso, mambo pachake aigona kutora nyika pasina kutongwa kubva kune vassal kana kuti kumanikidzira oga, izvo zvakapfuura zvakasimbiswa. Akaisa mutero wakanyanya uye mitero pasi pemhando ipi neipi, kutsvaga chinangwa chimwechete - kuwedzera pfuma. Mhosva dzaitungamirirwa zvisina hanya, uye uyo akanga ane mari yakawanda. Chaizvoizvo, hurumende yepamutemo yakapiwa mukuru wehurumende. Nzira yekutonga yakanga yakaoma mitezo. Mukuwedzera, Mambo John the Landless akabudisa hondo inoparadza neFrance, nokudaro achiparadza nyika.

Kupikisana naye kwaiva kushorwa mumunhu wevarons nekereke, iyo yaiva kurutivi rwevakatsamwira uye yakaratidza tsitsi kwavari. Kubatanidzwa kwekupedzisira kwakange kusina kusimba, sezvo mambo akanga achitungamirira hurumende yake zvisingafungi kuti kunyange naPapa, akaparadza ukama hwavo.

Magna Carta ye1215 yaiva iyo gwaro raifanira kudzokera kunyika kuronga. Yakanga yakanyorwa muchiLatini uye yakataura 63 nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare. Iyi nyanzvi yaiva neimwezve musoro - "Bhuku reBaron". Mambo John akakamanikidzwa kubvumirana nemamiriro ezvinhu evapanduki, uye Magna Carta we1215 akaberekwa. Yakagadzirirwa chinhu chakakosha zvikuru - ichi ndicho chirevo chechiremera chamambo kuburikidza nekugadzira kambani inokosha yemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu. Maererano netsamba iyi, mushure mokushandiswa kweshoko kubva kune nhengo ina dzekambani yakabvumirwa "kumanikidza mambo nenzira dzose" (chinyorwa cheGwaro 61).

Kuchinja kunokosha kwakaitika mushure meizvi muhukama pakati pemambo nechechi, pamwe chete pakati pevarons uye vanhu vakasununguka. Mambo akadzivirira rusununguko rwechechi, akamupa ropafadzo dzakakosha uye akadzivirira kuchengetedza utachiona. Akavimbisawo kuti mitero uye mari yaizotorwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Chisungo che13 chakatsigirwa rusununguko kuLondon nemamwe maguta, uye nhamba nhamba 36 yakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwekubudirira kwekutengeserana kwebhizimisi nemabasa. Magna Carta ye1215 yakabatsira mukusimudzira nekusimudzira kweUnited Kingdom. Zvimwe zvakakosha zvaiva nenyaya 41 ne 42. Vakasimbisa rusununguko rwekupinda uye kuenda kumatengesi kune dzimwe nyika nekunze. Mukuwedzera, Gwaro Guru rakagadzirisa kodzero dzemadzishe makuru ehurumende kuti ave nepfuma.

Chinyanya kukosha chaiva chinyorwa 39, nokuti chakanga chiri mazviri kuti zvipo zvakapiwa zveimba yacho, pamwe chete nehupenyu hwevanhu vese. Rakataura kuti munhu akasununguka anogona kusungwa, kuiswa mutirongo kana kubviswa kwepfuma chete nechisarudzo chepamutemo chevatongi. Chitsauko 45 chakasungirwa kusarudza vatongi vakakodzera, pamwe nevatungamiriri vakakodzera. Gwaro Guru rakachengetedza kuti raizoita kuti kuregererwa kwemari yekutonga (Chikamu 40). Chigumisiro chekusika kwayo chaiva kutanga kwekugumisa kwekuvimba kwevanhu, uye zvigadziriswa zvaro zvakava chikonzero chekuwedzera kufambiswa kwenyika huru ye demokrasia.