Madzitateguru vekare namabhiza uye mhuka inoenderana. Evolution webhiza

Sezvo makarekare chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nevaya mhuka kunge dzaichengetwa nevanhu munhu bhiza. Pasina hazvibviri kufungidzira Zvikamu zvakawanda kubva munhoroondo yebudiriro kwedu: yokutama avanhu, hondo huru uye kukunda yose nyika ... Chokwadi, domestication remhuka ichi chaiva kure vaviri makore, uye akatipa yekare bhiza madzitateguru ano "shanduro" mwana wayo asi achangobva .

Panzira, uyo vaiva, madzitateguru izvi chete? Kana Mabhiza kuziva chinhu anenge munhu wose, zvino nyaya iri kushanda zvisingazivikanwi. Kuti abatanidze anotambudzika kusanzwisisa uku, isu Ndagadzira ino.

Hyracotherium, makore mamiriyoni 54-38 apfuura

Iyi ndiyo nguva Eocene. Panguva iyoyo, nyika akapota mukuru nhengo mabhiza mhuri. Zvinenge penyika yose nyika chakafukidzwa dzinopisa gobvu masango, vakawanda vaigara zvakanga zvakakwana kujairana kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Mhuka nenguva kwatova, asi vaida kuva maduku uye kuti azviite kunyarara sezvinobvira, uye changosara yokuvanda pa usiku.

Madzitateguru tanga bhiza, Hyracotherium sezvo nguva vaiva mhuka anonyara kwakadaro. Hazvina kunaka kuti masayendisiti ano tateguru mabhiza chiri mhuka kukurukurwa chete chengetedza kukuru. Chekutanga, rinoreva kuti mhuri hwekare palaeotheriidae, randakapiwa madzitateguru kwete chete mabhiza ano, asi refu kubva yakatotsakatika brontotheres. Chechipiri, mhuka yakanga yatova 20 masendimita ari papfudzi uye makumbo ake akanga asina namahwanda. Muchidimbu, akaita kuti isingawanzowanikwi rudzi katsi pane mabhiza zvimwe mhando yakawanda.

Uye chaiva chokwadi: madzitateguru kupfuura yekare mabhiza akanga akafanana nevaya zvizvarwa zvavo chete vaiva herbivorous. Asi! Vakadya chete kunosiya nemiti miduku, nouswa makore iwayo kure pamusoro pemvura nyika haina kuwanikwa. Nokuti dzimwe zvairatidza zvose, vakanga runowanzoitika nevagari kudondo, haana kumhanya ari inowanzorimwa. It Hyracotherium - mukuru baba bhiza.

Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuti kusimbisa kamwe zvakare kuti akanga zvachose hapana zvinoitwa munhu ano mhando. Kusvika pamwero Hyracotherium anogona kunzi madzitateguru kuwanda mhuka, dzakawanda dzacho dzataiziva zvimwe havazozivi chinhu. Chimbofungidzira: kutanga Pleistocene oga artiodactyl paiva anopfuura 200 mhando, uye (nokuti nguva) haana muganhu!

Equines C yaiitwa pamusoro chete mamiriro ezvinhu. Nhasi munyika pane vaifanira hafu gumi nevaviri marudzi, apo munhoroondo nguva yavo nhamba, zvichida pane mazana rudzi uye vakasiyana-siyana subspecies!

Mesohippus, makore mamiriyoni 40-32 apfuura

Heino imwe mhuka kare anogona kunzi tichishandisa sebhiza. The hunooma mesohippus kare akakurira 60 cm uye akanga netsoka dzake kare minwe matatu chete, uye avhareji yakanga yakareba uye mukobvu kupfuura mamwe maviri.

Ndizvo chete kana uchitarisa nemamiriro dehenya uye meno, zvinoitika kuti pamberi pedu - chaiwo herbivorous mhuka, Pete akapotsa chete mashizha uye mapazi madiki. Grass hazvina kunyanya zvakakodzera. Kuchinja ayo chitarisiko nokuda unopinza Zvichidiwa pokugara kana Hyracotherium vaigara gobvu uye kudzivirira yakavimbika masango dzavo mesohippus kunge kwakamanikidzwa mune isingawanzowanikwi musango-inowanzorimwa wongoramba.

Space kuva zvikuru nhamba vavengi rave zvakawedzera. Saka, izvi madzitateguru yekare mabhiza dzakamanikidzwa kumhanya chaizvo, kuti arege kuva kushongedzwa tafura munhu. Nokuda kwaizvozvo ivo zvishoma nezvishoma yatanga atrophy lateral nezvigumwe, izvo makadzivisa chete kufamba nokukurumidza pasi, iyo zvomudumbu hurongwa zvava rougher uye wakawedzera kureba kwayo, uye meno vanova stiffer uye mapfupi.

Usakanganwa pamusoro brontotheres dzataurwa pamusoro apa, maiva kupfuura mhuka equina nokusingaperi kurarama panyika. Kusiyana "mabhiza" ari kumwedzi, mhuka idzi dzinotipfuura nowenyika zvipembere ano, uye kwemazana emakore akava chete kurei uye bulkier. Panzira, mupfungwa dzavo, zvakare, raiva nyanga, asi, kusafanana chipembere (kubva Rhino nyanga rinobva ganda), aitova mafupa.

Panoperera ari Oligocene okunze akatanga kuitika kunyanya unofadza nokuda vagere panyika kuchinja ikava nyika, masango pamwe akasvibirira mashizha aregedza. Giant uye voracious brontotheres anongoti akafa nenzara, asi nhoroondo mabhiza panguva iyoyo yakanga ichangotanga. Vari kuva siyana, bazi idzva shanduka akazviratidza. Chokwadi, vakawanda vavo vava wakafa magumo, asi vamwe chamuita kuti mhuka kuti akapona mamiriyoni emakore.

Miogippus, makore mamiriyoni 36-24 apfuura

Mesohippus chakazopera kufa, chikatsiviwa vauye miogippus. Panguva iyoyo akazviratidza pakutanga here guru rakazaruka dzezvimwe iri (zvose Prairie ano), asi panguva imwe chete, hapana chinoramba sango guru kupfuura mhuka iyi akakwanisa kushandisa zvizere. Ndiye mumwe rarest mhuka, yakanga vaviri chete zvakawanda zvakasiyana subspecies, sango uye inowanzorimwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma dondo subspecies akawanda akatamira North America, kubva kwaari akauya anchitherium. Asi mabhiza aya ekare kuti nguva - nayo inowanzorimwa mhuka.

Musiyano mukuru kubva mesohippus aiva kuti chisimbiso iri miogippusa kwete chete minwe, asiwo mazino. Vava simba zvikuru uye makasimba. The yakanaka chishandiso kukuya zvakawanda zvakaoma inowanzorimwa uswa. Panzira, kwadzakabva kugaya vakaoma uye gobvu inotonhorera murombo zvokudya vakashumira madzitateguru zvakanaka panzvimbo mabhiza pakutanga pose kutonhora. Species kuti vanosarudza nyoro mashizha uye matavi vaduku miti, kufa muna ezvipfuwo.

Anchitherium, "mwana divi." Makore mamiriyoni 24-5 apfuura

Saka iye ndiye anchitherium wakaburuka kubva dondo "shanduro" miogippusa? Kupfuura zvose, akayeuchidza mesohippus kuti panguva yaro chitarisiko kare zvakazara kufa kunze: vaNaga ake akanga minwe matatu, akadya manyoro uye mashizha. Sezvo imi kuti fembera, dzidziso webhiza kana rake pamusoro: tateguru mhuka idzi yavo, haana chipo chimiro.

Parahippus, makore mamiriyoni 24-17 apfuura

Kazhinji, zviri zvinopfuura parahippus dzakafanana avo namabhiza ano, tateguru iyo akanga. In ake "zvombo" paiva makumbo zvakakwana itsva uye meno. More chaizvo, havana zvikuru idzva sezvo yekudyidzana hwakavandudzika. mhuka iyi yakatanga kumhanya kwete yose netsoka nzvimbo, kureva rake pfupi, thickened minwe.

Chokwadi kuti Miocene mumasango vakava kunyange zvishoma, asi nhamba inowanzorimwa akafukidzwa herbaceous zvinomera, yawedzera zvinoshamisa. Saizvozvowo, vamwe matumba regai akapotsa haana, asi nokuti madzitateguru yemabhiza aifanira nokukurumidza kunyange zvakawanda.

Pano zvakafanira kuti digression. History anoziva wandei zviitiko mabhiza kuva solipeds panguva ino akaenda neimwe nzira. Tiri kutaura tapir. Vanodawo mberi pavo (mabhiza) madzitateguru avo vakasarudza kuenda pamwe kuenda nomusango, pane ajairane akaoma ezvinhu enyika steppes.

Merikgippus, makore mamiriyoni 17-11 apfuura

Merikgippus yainyanya rakafanana parahippus. Pamapfudzi ichi "bhiza maduku" vasvika meter, uye tsoka dzake dzakanga akaparadzana wechokwadi. Meno mhuka iyi vakanga Zvakanakisa kujairana kudya chete uswa, asi kwete mashizha, sezvo hama dzake dzakawanda.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti panguva sango vakatanga zvishoma apore. Tichingotarisa merikgippus aigona kamwe zvakare kuva dondo vanogara, kuenda kuti nyore kuwana mashizha. Ndizvo chete mumasango vakanga vachiri miogippusy uye anchitherium mhenyu, asi nekuti zvokudya niche kwazvo kubatikana. Saka, madzitateguru mabhiza uye mhuka kufanana vakanga kakawanda vachingotya makakatanwa zvoutachiona nharo, sezvo vakashandisa chete zvokudya.

Zvinogoneka kuti vaizove mupenyu nayo anchitherium zvizvarwa uye vamwe vagari mudondo zvakaitika renguva pamwero kudzoka nemasango Pasi redu nhasi, asi okunze rakaramba zvakawanda kwazvo kuva. Chero zvakanga, asi musango, apo paiva tateguru wekare bhiza, rinenge hapana akadzoka (zvimwe kunze mutemo uyu ataurwa pamusoro).

Hipparion, makore mamiriyoni 15-2 apfuura

mhuka idzi dzaiva rudzi vanenge 20, uye inguva yavo yokutanga kunganzi bhiza wechokwadi, asina ndishushikane. Vazhinji vose, vakanga samabhiza ano, vakanga anenge akaenzana. Netsoka dzavo achiri wechitatu uye wechina minwe, asi chete muchimiro wokugaya kwendangariro. Ava vaiva madzitateguru mabhiza aya. mabhiza izvi zvinogona zvakarurama sechinhu akabudirira chaizvo kubva zvipenyu pfungwa maonero.

Miti iyi vakararama rinenge pepasi panyika. Home chakavanzika kuna paleontologists ndicho chikonzero kutsakatika kwavo. Raiva aibudirira zvikuru rudzi, zvakanaka dzakashandisa mamiriro ezvinhu dzinogarisana. Mamwe masayendisiti vakatenda (uye vatende nhasi), chikuru bazi yemhindumupindu equines zvinofanira kufungwa chaizvo mhuka idzi, ukuwo mhindumupindu webhiza ane divi bazi. In Zvinotaurwa, zvakajeka kushandisa pfungwa pamusoro zvinokonzera kutsakatika kwavo hakusi kudaro kure. Zvichida ichi ndicho zvose pamwe chete kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.

Pliogippus, makore mamiriyoni 12-5 apfuura

Zvino tichaona zvechokwadi akafa magumo kukura mhuri - pliogippusa. Kwenguva refu zvikanzwikwa vaidavira kuti akanga ari wechokwadi, tateguru mabhiza ose ano zvakananga. Asi gare gare paleontologists uye zvipenyu vakawana kuti nemamiriro dehenya iri rakasiyana bhiza.

Zvisinei, chikanganiso chaiyo haana kushanda: pashure zvose, uye kuti mhuka kwakanyatsobatana wedzinza merikgippusa sezvo hipparions. Ungangove, pliogippusy vamwe Transitional chimiro pakati sango uye inowanzorimwa vamiririri mhuri. Panguva apo mamiriro ezvinhu yaiva nekaupenyu nepakati uye munyoro, vane nyore kuwirirana vose, asi zvino kutonhora mberi, uye ichi mhando Aisagona kukwikwidzana zvikuru unyanzvi hama dzavo.

Zvichida panguva iyoyo (anenge mamiriyoni 2 years ago), 'mhuka' madzibaba edu uye mhuka mabhiza kokutanga vakasangana nomumwe. Zviri chaizvo kunge kuti musangano uyu raiva evasingatombonamati gastronomic hunhu. In emakore avo panyika akararama australopithecines, uye ivo kashoma kuti kufarira domestication mabhiza.

mamiriyoni 5 - 8000 apfuura

Unofunga kuti pane kutanga Pleistocene bhiza ano zvakazara vakapona "oldies" mukutarisana hipparions uye astrogippusa? Ngazvisadaro. Panguva iyoyo, zvakava zvakawanda uye zvimwe zvinetsoka hoofed herbivores izvo madzitateguru namabhiza, ukama haana kunaka kwazvo, nokuti vanoshandisa zvakafanana chikafu chawo.

Uyezve, panguva iyoyo South America achiri yekare chaizvo uye chinyakare siyana equines, izvo dzimwe akakwirira refu kubva kuva nokutsakatika. Asi zvino nguva kuna Pleistocene, uye nyika fume chando zera. Paiva yakawanda rudzi (kufanana elasmotherium) kuti kungaitika chete utsinye ezvinhu okunze. Masayendisiti nhasi vanobvuma kuti kutsakatika mhuka idzi yakanga yakwana kwete nemabasa evanhu, asi ane zvachose zvoga.

Asi isu akatsanangura nyaya yokushanyira mabhiza. Izvi zvose kwakabatana? Chokwadi ndechokuti nekuda kwechando Snap mhando vakwegura vazhinji (ierikgippusy) akazofa chose, asi nokuti madzitateguru mabhiza aya akamuka "rusununguko", akatanga kuumba uye andobata ndima itsva.

Makore mamiriyoni mana apfuura - nhasi

Chokwadi, zvose zvekare mhando musava yakatotsakatika mune rimwe mumwaka. Saka, pliogippus akanyangarika makore mamiriyoni mashanu chete apfuura, saka kuti munhoroondo mupfungwa, vairarama anenge nezuro.

Sezvo kunyange australopithecines havana yapfuura anopfuura mamiriyoni 3 years ago, vanhu vari kutsakatika kwavo havasi mhosva. Chekutanga, nyika yakanga zvichiwedzera kutonhora. Chechipiri, pachikuva mhuka zvinetsoka hoofed, ari zvomudumbu hurongwa yaiva nguva zhinji akakwana. Nenzira, chikonzero kutsakatika zhinji nemapoka - zvokudya chete, uye kwete munhu ake chinyakare namapfumo. Kushaikwa zvokudya zvakagadzirwa mabhiza yekare "nyika" uye nokukurumidza, uye vazhinji rudzi dzavo nyore anyangarika.

Horses panguva akanga azviwanira ano Anotarira zvechadenga womukati mamiriro. Okunze akava munhu munyoro, zvokuti vakatanga kupararira pamusoro munzvimbo huru. Humwe shanduka webhiza yaiva panzira atrophy residues wechitatu uye wechina minwe, uyewo kukura nemudumbu. Nhasi, dzidziso zvipenyu izvi hazvina kumisa, asi zvakakomba omesa zvinoitwa pamusoro nedanho munhu.

Ndinoziva sei kuti zvikuru yakasiyana chitarisiko aizova bhiza, kana achiri mupenyu ari nemapani uye prairies zvenyika apo vanhu havana kuratidza kukwira!