Runodiwa of America: hwevanhu, tsika uye chitendero

MaIndia, vanopinda imwe rudzi Americanoid ari chizvarwa nevanhu America. Ivo kugarwa nharaunda yose yeNyika Itsva kubva pakutanga nguva uye vanogara vakangosarapo. Pasinei zvisingaverengeki kupondana, Colonisation nezvimwe kutambudzwa pamusoro pavo, izvo zvakaitwa vokuEurope, anogara nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru neimwe inoti iri rutivi rwenyika. Nyaya inotevera, tichakurukura zvinhu uye mune nhamba inofungidzirwa runodiwa of America. Photos of siyana Sub-marudzi uye vamiririri vemadzinza akasiyana-siyana kuchaita kuti zvakajeka kunzwisisa nyaya iyi.

Habitat uye uwandu hwevanhu

Zvemo yeNyika Itsva akararama pano kubvira prehistoric nguva asi muzuva redu, chokwadi, shoma zvachinja kwavari. Vakabatana akaparadzana munharaunda, ndichiparidza yavo yechitendero dzidziso uye kutevera tsika yemadzitateguru avo. Vamwe vamiririri chizvarwa rudzi Americanoid wakafananidzwa ne vokuEurope uye chose pamusoro upenyu hwavo. Saka, kuti tichingamidze wakachena Indian kana mestizo kunogona pose kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati chikamu New Earth. Total "Indian" vagari America vanhu mamiriyoni 48. Ava, mamiriyoni 14 vanogara kuPeru, 10.1 mamiriyoni muMexico, 6 mamiriyoni muBolivia. Zvinotevera nyika vari Ecuador uye Guatemala - 5.4 uye mamiriyoni 3,4, ukuwo. mamiriyoni 2,5 maIndia anogona kuwanikwa US, asi muna Canada zvishoma pane hafu - 1,2 miriyoni Zvinoshamisa, zvakawanda Brazil uye Argentina, sezvo masimba makuru, maIndia kusara .. Zvemo vagari America munzvimbo idzi rinowanikwa uye nechekare zviuru 700 000 uye 600 000 azvaitwa.

Nyaya amarudzi

Maererano masayendisiti, vamiririri Americanoid rudzi, pasinei kusawirirana kwavo zvose kubva kunomumwe akatizivisa, vakatamira kwavo kondinendi yose Eurasia nayo. Nokuti nezviuru zvemakore (dzinenge 70-12 chemakore BC. E.) maIndia akasvika World Itsva iri inonzi Bering Bridge, nzvimbo iri ikozvino ari Bering Strait. Yakanga isati runodiwa kuti America iri zvishoma nezvishoma pakugona kondinendi itsva, kubvira Alaska uye anopera kumaodzanyemba pamhenderekedzo vemazuva Argentina. Kamwe America akanga Inoziva navo, ose chete rudzi vakatanga kuva neimwe negwara. General kuitika akacherechedza mavari, vakanga sezvinotevera. MaIndia South America akakudza matrilineal nemhuri. Vagari kuchamhembe chikamu kondinendi vaiva kugutsikana patriarchy. Marudzi muCaribbean, paiva zvinoitwa yezwi nzanga kirasi.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro bhayoroji

Kubva majini nemaonero, runodiwa of America, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vaya idzi hakusi zvachose. Musha wemadzitateguru masayendisiti Indian vanotenda Altai, kwavakaenda pamwe mapoka avo-kure kure kare, kuti vawane nyika itsva. Chokwadi chokuti makore 25,000 apfuura kubva kuSiberia kusvikira America aigona kusvikwa nepanyika nzira, uyezve, dai vanhu vose vaiona idzi kondinendi yakabatana. Saka vagari mundima yedu zvishoma nezvishoma vanogara kuchamhembe chikamu Eurasia, ndokuzoenda muna Western Hemisphere, izvo ikava maIndia. Ndicho mhedziso vaongorori vakasvika nokuti kuti zvizvarwa zvemo kuti Altai mhando Y-chromosome ndiyo akafanana kuti kuno- avo chromosome weAmerican Indian.

madzinza hwokuchamhembe

Aleut uye eskimo madzinza, izvo rwugare kunyunguduka mapazi ari kondinendi, isu hatingazvirumbidzi kuubata, nokuti mhuri rusaruraganda yakasiyana. Runodiwa kuti North America dzatora nharaunda varipo Canada ne United States, kubva kusingaperi mazitombo echando uye nokugumisa Gulf of Mexico. Pane kwakasimbiswa dzakasiyana-siyana mutsika dzakasiyana, yatiri yokuverenga:

• North maIndia vaigara rokumusoro chikamu Canada - ndiwo marudzi Algonquian uye Athapaskan. Vakaronda caribou, uyewo paaivatambudza hove.
• Northwest madzinza - the Tlingit, Haida, Salish Wakashe. Vaita hove uye zvomumvura kundovhima.
• California maIndia - anozivikanwa vateresi acorns. Chinonziwo mubasa senguva kuvhima uye kuredza hove.
• Musango maIndia rwaigara yose kumabvazuva chikamu ano United States. madzinza Native American vakanga raimiririra ikoko nokupopota, Algonquin, Iroquois. vanhu ava aivhima aivapo kurima.
• Plains maIndia - anozivikanwa vavhimi dzomusango bison. Kune marudzi dzisingaverengeki, pakati yatiri kutaura chete vashoma: Caddo, Crow, Osage, Mandal, Arikara, Kiowa, Apache, Wichita nevamwe vazhinji.
• Kumaodzanyemba marudzi North America vaigara Pueblo, Navajo uye Pima. nyika izvi zvaionekwa kupfuura dzakasimukira, sezvo zvizvarwa zvemo pano vaiita zvokurima, uchishandisa kudiridza nzira, uye chikamu-akatunhidzwa zvipfuwo.

Caribbean

Zvakaita kuti kudavira kuti zvemo vanhu Central America chainyanya dzakabudirira. Zviri muchikamu ichi kondinendi kutanga zvakaoma pamazuva iwayo, Chengetedza nokupisira zvokurima uye unodiridzwa nehurongwa. Chokwadi, marudzi munzvimbo rave kushandiswa kudiridza, izvo akavabvumira kusarudza kwete zvirimwa uye miti yemichero akadai chibage, bhinzi, sunflower, nhanga, agave, but, uye donje. Pano akakura fodya. Zvemo vagari Latin America pamusoro idzi uye pastoralists (yakafanana maIndia vaigara eAndes). Nokufamba pano zvakanga runonyanya llama. Onawo kuti pane akatanga kuva simbi uye chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa akatotanga vakapfuura kukirasi, I ikava muranda mamiriro. Pakati pamarudzi vaigara muCaribbean, anogona kunzi vaAztec, Mixtecs, Mayans, purépecha, Totonac uye Zapotec.

South America

Tichienzanisa marudzi vaAztec, hazvina uyewo kunyatsobudirira uye dzimwe Totonac, zvizvarwa vanhu South America. Zvagara anogona chete kuti Imperiya Inkov, yaiva muAndes, uye yaigarwa maIndia zvakafanana zita. On muganhu Brazil ano ndiko kumusha madzinza, vakanga mubasa mhando nebadza zvokurima, asiwo aivhima chizvarwa shiri, mhuka. Pakati pavo vane Arawak, Tupi-Guarani. Argentine ndima inogarwa bhiza vavhimi Guanaco. In Tierra Del Fuego akararama marudzi Yamana, iye alacalufe vanhu. Vairarama runochengeta upenyu, zvikuru chinyakare ichienzaniswa nehama dzavo, uye vaiita hove.

Imperiya Inkov

Ndiro mubatanidzwa mukuru maIndia, izvo akavapo pamusoro munharaunda chipo Colombia, Peru uye Chile muna 11-13 emakore fung. Vasati vasvika vokuEurope, vanhu veko vakamborara dzavo administrative kupesana. Empire raiva nezvikamu zvina - Chinchaysuyu, Kolasuyu, Antisuyu uye Kuntisuyu, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa enyika. Imperiya Inkov racho statehood nemirairo kunyanya akaratidzwa muchimiro kurangwa vamwe mhosva. Tsika hurumende vakanga, Ungangove, despotic, udzvinyiriri. In mamiriro ichi, sezvo aiva muchiuto, mumwe kurongeka munzanga, pamusoro dzakaderera akaturikidzana iyo yakaitwa masimba. The chikuru budiriro yacho vaInca vaiona mutsetse yavo yakakura. Migwagwa, vakavaka pamusoro mujinga eAndes, pakupedzisira yakasvika 25 zviuru makiromita. Kuvaita kushandisa Llamas sezvo rongedza mhuka.

Zvakachena uye nemagariro kukura

The tsika zvokuAmerica - ndiko kunonyanya mutauro wavo yokukurukurirana, vakawanda izvo zvichiri kwete zvakazara decipher zvinobvira. Chokwadi ndechokuti mumwe rudzi akanga kwete yayo remutauro uye mutauro self contained pachake aro yakarira chete pakutaura, vasina panguva kunyora ichi. Arufabheti wokutanga America, akaonekwa chete muna 1826 pasi utungamiriri mutungamiri yorudzi Cherokee Indian Sequoyah. Kusvikira nguva ino venyika yacho kondinendi vakashandisa pictographic zviratidzo, uye kana imi aifanira kutaura vamiririri nemamwe nemisha, akabva ashandisa ruoko nemasaini, muviri kufamba uye zvaunoita chiso chako.

Indian nouMwari

Pasinei kuwanda kwemadzinza vaigara zvakasiyana okunze uye kumatunhu, zvaitendwa vokuAmerica vaiva nyore chaizvo, uye iwe unogona nokubatanidza vave mumwe. Most amarudzi North America vaidavira kuti mwari - rudzi ndege, iri kure kure mugungwa. Maererano nengano, madzibaba avo vakashandisa kugara mundege iyi. Uye avo vakaita chivi, kana akaratidza kuregeredza, dumped naye ane gaping maturo. In Central America, vamwari akapa mhuka marudzi, zvikurukuru shiri. Vakachenjera Inca madzinza kazhinji vakatenda vamwari vavo prototypes vanhu akasika nyika nezvose zviri mairi.

Modern zvitendero maIndia

Nhasi, zvemo vagari yeAmerica haasisina vanoomerera patsika yechitendero, dzakanga dzinoratidzwa madzitateguru avo. Vazhinji vanhu North America zvino vanozviti Protestantism yayo dzakasiyana. MaIndia mestizos vanogara kuMexico uye kumaodzanyemba chikamu kondinendi, zvinenge zvose vanoomerera pakuomerera yeRoma. Vamwe vaJudha. Chete vashoma dzichiri kwakavakirwa maonero madzitateguru avo, uye zivo kutsigirwa chihombe muchivande kubva chena vanogara.

rengano chinotaurwa

Pakutanga, vose rengano, ngano, uye vamwe vanhu mabasa rweberere maIndia, aigona kutiudza pamusoro upenyu hwavo, pamusoro upenyu, sei kuwana zvokudya. Vanhu ava vaiimba shiri, mhuka mhuka uye zvikara, hama dzake uye vabereki. Papera chinguva mungano awana siyanei hunhu. MaIndia akanga ngano pamusoro pakusikwa kwenyika, izvo zvakafanana zvikuru Bhaibheri redu. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti nyaya American zvizvarwa zvemo zhinji pane huMwari - A woman mhotsi dzangu. Zviri zvose muenzaniso upenyu norufu, hondo uye zvokudya, nyika uye mvura. Harina zita, asi kutaurwa simba rayo zvinowanika mumarudzi anenge ose yekare Indian zvinyorwa.

mhedziso

Takatodzidza pamusoro apa, vanonzi Indian American ndimo mamiriyoni 48, maererano pamutemo mashoko. Ndivo vanhu vari vakanyorwa munyika yavo, iyo ndezvaJehovha yaitonga muvanhu. Kana tinofunga maIndia vaya vachiri kugara madzinza, chirungamutauro achava yepamusoro zvikuru. Maererano ndibatsireiwo data, muUnited States ndiyo musha vanopfuura 60,000 vamiriri chizvarwa Americanoid rudzi, izvo kuitika zvose Alaska uye Tierra Del Fuego.