Kupi synthesized rRNA. RRNA Ribosomal RNA: characterization uye rondedzero mamiriro

Molecular zvipenyu yave kudzidza marongerwo uye mashandiro Organic mamorekuru hunoumba zvipenyu masero Zvirimwa, mhuka uye vanhu. Mbiri pakati pavo anopiwa boka yeimwe rinonzi nucleic (zvenyukireya) acids.

Pane mhando mbiri: deoxyribonucleic asidhi (DNA) uye ribonucleic. Ekupedzisira ane dzakawanda okunatsiridza: mRNA, tRNA uye rRNA, izvo zvakasiyana zviri basa ravo uye nenzvimbo localization muchitokisi. Nyaya ino rakazvipira adzidze mibvunzo inotevera: apo iri synthesized rRNA mu prokaryotic uye masero eukaryotic, chii chacho marongerwo uye zvinoreva.

nhoroondo mashoko

Wokutanga kutaurwa esayenzi ribosomal asidhi anogona kuwanikwa muzvidzidzo kubudikidza R. Weinberg uye S. Penman muna 60-ies ose XX remakore, uyo akarondedzera pfupi polynucleotide Morekuru chokuita RNA, asi zvakasiyana spatial marongerwo uye sedimentation coefficient mashoko uye chinja RNA. Kakawanda, mamorekuru dzavo inowanikwa Kuronga nucleolus, uye masero organelles - ribosomes, basa kwetunhu cellular mapuroteni. Vakadaidzwa ribosomal (Ribosomal RNA).

Characterization RNA

Ribonucleic acid, kufanana DNA, chinhu polymer iyo monomers vari nucleotides 4 mhando: adenine, guanine, uracil uye cytidine chokuita phosphodiester zvisungo zviri mamorekuru refu chete-nezano, wakamonyaniswa kuva zononoka ane zvakawanda kunzwisisa kana conformation. Panewo kaviri-nezano Ribosomal RNA zvichiitika RNA nemavhairasi uye kutevedzera DNA Mabasa: kuramba uye kupararira enhaka zvinoyemurika.

Three Mhando acids anowanikwa muchitokisi kazhinji ndiyo: a chizvaro, kana ruzivo, RNA zvekufambisa Ribosomal RNA, kuti zviri zvakabatanidzwa amino acids, uyewo ribosomal acid, riri nucleolus uye cytoplasm muchitokisi.

Ribosomal RNA iri vanenge 80% kubva ribonucleic acids muchitokisi uye 60% chevanhu vakawanda vari ribosome - organelle, cellular mapuroteni usage. Vose pamusoro zvipenyu zviri synthesized (transcribed) mune dzimwe nyika DNA, izvi RNA magene. Munguva kwetunhu Morekuru kwaisanganisira chaiwo enzayemu - RNA polymerase. Place muchitokisi, apo rRNA ari synthesized - ndiro nucleolus, riri karyoplasm core.

Nucleolus, ayo muchinangwa kwetunhu

In masero mapenyu, akadana sero kutenderera kusiyanisa ayo mapoka - interphase. Panguva ino, muna muchitokisi musimboti gobvu mitumbi granular hurongwa anonzi nucleoli uye kunokosha chezvinonhuwira zvose romuriwo uye nemhuka masero zvinonyatsoziva kuoneka.

In ezvinhu zvipenyu, kwakaonekwa kuti nucleoli ndivo organelles apo rRNA iri synthesized. Kumwe kuferefeta zvakatungamirira kuwanika cytology zvikamu sero DNA umo majini ndiwo anokonzera marongerwo uye kwetunhu ribosomal acids kwakawanikwa. Vakadaidzwa nucleolar murongi.

nucleolus kuronga

60-ies yacho XX remakore ari zvipenyu aiva pfungwa kuti nucleolus murongi, iri nzvimbo ine constriction yechipiri muna 13, 14, 15, 21 uye 22 majoko okutodza, ane chimiro chete nzvimbo. Vatsvakurudzi munyaya kudzidza kukuvara chromosome, akadana aberrations, vakawana kuti nguva pakaputsika chromosome pa nzvimbo yechipiri constriction aumbwa nucleoli nechimwe nhengo dzawo.

Saka, zvinotevera zvinogona akati: nucleolus murongi chinosanganisira hakuna asi dzakawanda loci (majini) anokonzera paumbwe nucleolus. Maro synthesized rRNA Ribosomal RNA dzichiumbwa subunit mapuroteni-synthesizing sero organelles - ribosomes.

Chii chinonzi ribosome?

Sezvambotaurwa, zvose marudzi makuru matatu RNA zviripo muchitokisi, apo vari synthesized mune dzimwe nzvimbo - DNA magene. The zvichiguma ribosomal RNA transcription fomu zvivako pamwe mapuroteni - RNPs izvo unoumba chinhu chinokosha organelles yemberi, anonzi subunits. Kuburikidza pores ari Kamudzira renyukireya kupinda cytoplasm, vachifambira uye dzinoumba yakabatana yakarongeka mairi, api aizova morekuru uye-vachiri RNA uye t-RNA, inonzi polysomes.

Ribosome pachavo vanogona kuparadzaniswa kubudikidza chiito calcium ions uye zviripo muchimiro yoga subunits. Reverse chete kwacho kunoitika muna nezvikamu muchitokisi cytoplasm apo pezvakaitwa shanduro kuitika - vanoungana mamorekuru cellular mapurotini. The kushingaira Sero zvakawanda kuzviita inoyerera zvirimo muviri, ndipo rine ribosomes. Somuenzaniso, mwongo masero, hepatocytes uye yevanhu vertebrate mhuka dzinoratidzwa yokuwanda organelles izvi mukati cytoplasm.

How majini encoded rRNA?

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, chivako chacho, mhando uye kushanda rRNA majini kuvimba nucleolar murongi. Vari vakaronga loci ane majini Coding kuti ribosomal RNA. O. Miller, kuitisa kutsvakurudza ovogenesis newt masero, mashandiro isingachinji kushanda majini izvi. Sezvo vakanga synthesized makopi rRNA (ainzi chikuru transkriptanty) ine vanenge 13h103 nucleotides uye kuva sedimentation coefficient e45 S. Zvadaro, dunhu iri inoitwa ichiibvira muitiro kupedza chimiro mamorekuru matatu S.-RNA sedimentation coefficients pamusoro 5.8 S, 28 S, uye 18 S.

The mashandiro kuti paumbwe s-RNA

Kudzokera Miller kuedza izvo havawanzoiti kwetunhu ribosomal RNA uye akaratidza kuti DNA anoshumira muenzaniso nucleolar (chizvaro) kuti paumbwe S.-RNA - transkriptanta. Iyewo akawana kuti chitsama enzayemu RNA polymerase mamorekuru kunoenderana nenhamba saibva ribosomal acids (pre-rRNA), izvo aumba. Ipapo kuibvisa (kubudiswa), uye peji-RNA mamorekuru vanotanga pakarepo kusungira kune peptides, mugumisiro uri ribonucleoprotein - chivakwa zvinhu ribosome.

Features ribosomal acids mumasero eukaryotic

Kuva nevakawanda misimboti uye tikwanise nemamiriro dzichipfekeka zvigadziriswe pakati prokaryotic ribosomes uye zvenyukireya zvinenge vachiri tsitomolekulyarnye kusiyana. Kuti tiwane navo, vatsvakurudzi kuongorora akashandisa nzira inonzi X-ray kuongorora. It Vakawana kuti pamwero mukuru eukaryotic ribosome uye saka S.-RNA yaisanganisira mariri, uye makuru sedimentation coefficient 80 S. organelle, kurasikirwa magnesium ions, unogona kuparadzaniswa munzvimbo subunits maviri pamwe zviratidzi 60 S uye 40 S. Small PARTICIPLE unotora mumwe morekuru asidhi uye guru - vatatu, i.e. nucleated masero ane ribosomes, zvinosanganisira 4 polynucleotide helices asidhi anotevera unhu: 28 S RNA - 5 zviuru nucleotides, 18 s - 2 zviuru 5 s - 120 nucleotides, 5, .. 8 S - 160. The mugove apo rRNA iri synthesized mumasero eukaryotic - munhu nucleolus disintegrations nhema karyoplasm neerekitironi.

Ribosomal RNA prokaryotes

Kusiyana peji-RNA mukati nucleated masero, kwemabhakitiriya ribosomal ribonucleic acids vari transcribed pamusoro mugove compressed pamusoro cytoplasm ine DNA uye inonzi nucleoid. Rine rRNA magene. Urongwa, mumwe mukuru tsika iyo inogona dzaimiririrwa mashoko rewriting muitiro pamwe S.-RNA majini ari DNA kutevedzana kwezviitiko ribosomal ribonucleic iine acid nucleotide complementarity nemitemo majini code: adenine nukleoitid anoenderana uracil, uye guanine - cytosine.

R-RNA bacteria vane yakaderera samolecular uremu uye kukura duku kupfuura nucleated masero. Dzavo sedimentation coefficient S 70, uye vaviri subunits vane zviratidzo 50 S 30 S. The PARTICIPLE duku ine chimwe morekuru S.-RNAs, uye makuru - maviri.

Basa ribonucleic asidhi panguva rokushandura

The chikuru basa rRNA ndiko kupa inofanira biosynthesis foni mapuroteni - LIVE. Zviri chete pamberi ribosomes ine rRNA. Kubatanidza mumapoka, vanosunga kuti DNA morekuru mashoko achiumba mutemo. To kubva kuna cytoplasm masero yakakodzera chokufambisa Morekuru ribosomal ribonucleic acids akatakura amino acids, izvo, kamwe polysomes chokuita pamwe peptide zvisungo vaite polymer - mapuroteni. Ndiye chinokosha makemikari remubatanidzwa masero mabasa mazhinji zvinokosha kushanda: kuvaka, zvekufambisa, simba, enzayemu, kuchengeteka uye zvichikurukura.

Nyaya iyi vakaongorora maitiro marongerwo uye rondedzero ribosomal nucleic acids vari Organic biopolymers masero Zvirimwa, mhuka uye vanhu.