X-ray kuongorora - kudzidza maumbirwo zvinhu

X-ray ongororo iri nzira kutsvakurudza kuti STRUCTURAL zvokuvakisa. Zvinonzi inobva diffraction kuti X-ray danda riri unokosha crystalline-dimensional matatu lattices. Kudzidza kushandisa chinotsaurwa kureba iri anenge 1a unoenderana kukura ane atomu. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti X-ray kuongorora pamwe Nyuturoni uye Erekitironi diffraction nzira chokuita kutsunga sechivako nefuma.

Zvinobatsira kuongorora mabhomba mamiriro, nzvimbo boka chikwata muchitokisi, ayo ukuru uye chimiro, uyewo boka sekristaro symmetry. Tichishandisa nzira iyi kudzidza nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzavo alloys, makemikari uye inorganic yeimwe, zvicherwa, amorphous zvinhu, mvura uye magasi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, X-ray mamiriro kuongorora mapuroteni, nucleic acids uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Ongororo iyi kunobatsira kusimbisa mabhomba maumbirwo crystalline zvinhu vane chivako yakajeka uye muri dzinongoitika diffraction nesefa kuti x-ray. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuferefeta nezvimwe zvinhu ranzi kuongorora kunoda crystals, iyo kunokosha asi kwakaoma zvakakwana.

The diffraction kuti maekisirei yakawanikwa pedyo Laue, ari yokungotaura nemhaka Wolf uye dzakabudirira Bragg. Shandisa mapatani anowanikwa basa kuongorora yaipiwa Debye uye Scherrer. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti parizvino X-ray kuongorora chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana nzira nokuda kuziva maumbirwo zvinhu, nokuti nyore kuita uye haatarisiri zvinokosha havashandisi mari yakawanda.

Kunoitawo kuti kuongorora makirasi akasiyana zvinhu, uye kukosha mashoko vakawana anoita pakatanga nzira itsva. Saka, kutanga kudzidza sechivako pafuma kana uchishandisa interatomic vectors pashure zvakananga nzira nokuda Pakusarudza crystalline hurongwa yakagadzirwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti okutanga zvinhu zvakanga vadzidza vachishandisa maekisirei vaiva yavaibvisa uye potassium chlorides.

The kudzidza spatial maumbirwo mapuroteni kwakatanga 30s remakore rapfuura muUnited Kingdom. The Data vakawana vanopiwa richisimuka ezvinhu zvipenyu, izvo akabvumira kuziva kukosha physico-kwemakemikari ehupfumi kwemapurotini, uyewo DNA kuumba muenzaniso wokutanga.

Tiine 50-ies nokushingaira akatanga kuva ungano kombiyuta mitoo mashoko kuti kwave kuwanikwa X-ray STRUCTURAL kuongorora.

To musi, shandisa synchrotrons. Ndivo monochromatic manyuko maekisirei inoshandiswa irradiation of crystals. Inonyatsobudirira mano aya kushandisa nzira multi-wavelength anomalous kupararira. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvinoshanda chete kune voruzhinji tsvakurudzo nzvimbo. Mumarabhoritari kushandisa unyanzvi zvishoma simba iyo inoshanda chete kuti asimbise chatingatevedzera crystals, uye kuwana zvinonyadzisa kuongorora zvinhu.