Muchitokisi neerekitironi ayo shanda

Marongerwo uye kushanda muchitokisi iri nedanho shanduka, kaviri yaitevedzana kuchinja. The kwaita organelles itsva pakurukurwa kuchinja mumhepo uye lithosphere wechidiki nyika. Chimwe chikuru acquisitions aiva muchitokisi musimboti. Eukaryotic zvinenge vatopiwa, nokuda kuvapo oga organelles, zvinokosha mikana pamusoro prokaryotes uye nokukurumidza akasvika kudzora.

Muchitokisi neerekitironi, marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita zviri siyanei akasiyana nyama uye nhengo, kuwedzera kunaka RNA biosynthesis uye kuchinjwa magene mashoko.

mavambo

To musi, pane chikuru hypotheses maviri pamusoro paumbwe sero eukaryotic. Maererano dzidziso symbiotic organelles (semuenzaniso, mitochondria kana flagella) taimbova zvimwe zvinenge prokaryotic. Madzitateguru eukaryotes ano ikavamedza. Somugumisiro ane symbiotic muviri.

Saka chinoumba aumba somugumisiro mukati protrusion chikamu cytoplasmic membrane. It zvakafanira nenzira kuzviwanira itsva nzira okukura foni muviri, phagocytosis. Akatora zvokudya Akaperekedzwa nokuwedzera mwero mufambo of cytoplasm. Genofory kumirira majini yokunyorera prokaryotic muchitokisi uye anobatanidza kumasvingo, izvozvo muwisira simba "kuyerera" mapazi uye vaida kudzivirirwa. Somugumisiro, Yakaumbwa mugove zvakadzama Kamudzira invagination chine genofory zvakabatanidzwa. pfungwa iyi kunoratidzwa ndechokuti paganda tsanga iri zvakabatana chaizvo kune cytoplasmic Kamudzira nemasero.

Pane imwe shanduro zviitiko. Maererano nemavhairasi pfungwa nezvekwakabva musimboti, yakanga yakaumbwa somugumisiro chirwere masero ose Archaea yekare. It infiltrated DNA utachiona uye pakupedzisira akamuka kudzora zvizere pezvakaitwa upenyu. Masayendisiti funga dzidziso iyi yakawanda kwakarurama mugumisiro mugove nharo nyasha kwayo. Zvisinei, kuti musi hapana hunogutsa uchapupu chero aripo hypotheses.

One kana kupfuura

Vazhinji ano eukaryotic Sero ane neerekitironi. The yakakura nhamba ine organelle akadaro mumwe chete. Ikoko, vari Zvisinei, uye masero kuti vakafirwa chinoumba nokuda mamwe dzichipfekeka zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, somuenzaniso, masero matsvuku eropa. Panewo masero mbiri (ciliates) uye kunyange cores akawanda.

Sechivako muchitokisi musimboti

Pasinei zvechadenga muviri, kuti echivako kunoratidzwa kutaridza zvemo organelles. Kubva mukati sero nzvimbo iri partitioned kure miviri membrane. Its nechinzwano zvokunze rukoko mune dzimwe nzvimbo batanidza, achiumba pores. basa ravo ndiwo kupanana zvinhu pakati cytoplasm uye mwoyo.

organelles karyoplasm nzvimbo izere, anonziwo muto yenyukireya kana nucleoplasm. Riri chromatin uye nucleolus. Dzimwe wokupedzisira organelles izvi muchitokisi musimboti haamo mune rimwe bhuku. Zvimwe zvipenyu zviduku nucleoli nekusiyana, kwete.

Kamudzira

hamvuropu renyukireya achiumbwa ane lipid uye ine akaturikidzana zviviri: wokunze uye yomukati. Kutaura zvazviri, zviri zvakafanana muchitokisi membrane. Chinoumba anokurukura hova pasi endoplasmic reticulum kuburikidza perinuclear nzvimbo uye mhango yakaumbwa vaviri deko akaturikidzana.

The wokunze uye yomukati Kamudzira vane unhu avo marongerwo, asi vakawanda vari zvikuru zvakafanana.

Pedyo kuti cytoplasm

Rokunze rukoko zvinoenda Kamudzira ari endoplasmic reticulum. Its musiyano mukuru kubva ekupedzisira - a substantially yepamusoro wevasungwa mapuroteni marongerwo. The Kamudzira iri zvakananga nevanhu cytoplasm masero, zvinenge zvakazara marongera pamusoro kunze ribosomes. On mukati Kamudzira zvakabatana vakawanda pores, ndiko hwakanaka guru mapuroteni zvivako.

The rukoko yomukati

Kutarisana kupinda muchitokisi musimboti Kamudzira kusiyana kuchivanze, mvere, kwete kufukidzwa ribosomes. It ichikutadzisa karyoplasm. A maitiro chinoratidza yomukati Kamudzira - renyukireya lamins rukoko lining divi rayo kunyorera nucleoplasm. Izvi wakananga mapuroteni mamiriro inotsigira goko chimiro, zvinobatanidzwa mutemo Gene okuti uye inoita kuti kuda kuti chromatin kuti Kamudzira yenyukireya.

muviri

The kukurukurirana pamusoro neerekitironi cytoplasm kuburikidza zvenyukireya pores. Vava kunzwisisa hurongwa inoumbwa mapurotini 30. Kuwanda pores rimwe chinoumba kungava zvakasiyana. It zvinoenderana norudzi muchitokisi, nhengo uye muviri. Somuenzaniso, muna vanhu muchitokisi musimboti anogona kubva 3 zviuru 5 refu zvimwe datya totaura 50,000.

Home ane basa - kuchinja zvinhu pakati neerekitironi navamwe muchitokisi nzvimbo. Mamwe mamorekuru zvinopfuura pores tinyerere, pasina rumwe simba chiyamuro. Vane diki saizi. Akatakura mamorekuru makuru uye supramolecular zvivako kunoda imwe mari kuyerera simba.

Karyoplasm muchitokisi kuti synthesized ari musimboti, RNA mamorekuru. In negwara iri zvifambiswe mapuroteni kunodiwa kuti intranuclear kwendangariro.

nucleoplasm

Nuclear muto chinhu colloidal mhinduro kwemapurotini. Hazvina shoma tsanga goko uye runopoteredza chromatin uye nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - viscous mvura umo siyana zvinhu zviri chikaparara. Izvi zvinosanganisira nucleotides uye makemikari. Zvinokosha kutanga DNA usage. Makemikari vanobatanidzwa transcription, uyewo kugadzira uye DNA kuberekana.

Mamiriro muto yenyukireya dzinosiyana zvichienderana mamiriro sero. Avo vaviri - mira uye kunoitika munguva kupesana. The maitiro chokutanga interphase (nguva pakati pamapoka). Panyaya iyi, renyukireya muto yakasiyana yunifomu kuparadzirwa nucleic acids uye unstructured DNA mamorekuru. Munguva iyi, pane nhaka zvinhu zvainzi chromatin. The weboka sero neerekitironi riri kubatana kuchinja chromatin kupinda okutodza. Panguva ino dzinosiyana karyoplasm marongerwo: majini zvinhu anowana vamwe yakarongeka, hamvuropu zvenyukireya anotanga, uye yakavhenganiswa karyoplasm cytoplasm.

chromosome

The chikuru mashandiro anoita nucleoprotein hurongwa vatendeuka panguva weboka chromatin - kuchengetwa, kutengeswa uye kuchinjwa kuvabereki mashoko, iro rine sero musimboti. Okutodza vanoonekwa ne imwe chimiro: muzvikamu kana pamapfudzi chikuru constriction, anonziwo tselomeroy. Maererano ayo nzvimbo pane mhando nhatu okutodza:

• tsvimbo-zvakaumbwa kana acrocentric: ivo dzinoratidzwa uchingoti tselomery anenge pakupera, mumwe papfudzi rinozobudawo zvishomanana;
• raznoplechie kana submetacentric nhaka pamapfudzi kuenzana;
• L-vakaenzana kana metacentric.

Yakatarwa okutodza muchitokisi inonzi karyotype. Mumwe mhando zvinonzi ndee. Saka muzvitokisi zvakasiyana ane muviri ingasanganisira munhu diploid (double) kana haploid (kuroora) yakatarwa. Chokutanga musimboti maitire masero somatic, kazhinji anoumba muviri. Haploid yakatarwa - ropafadzo bonde masero. masero Human somatic ane 46 okutodza, zvepabonde - 23.

Diploid chromosome akamisa peya. Fanana nucleoprotein mamiriro dziri mbiri, vanonzi alleles. Vane chete nemamiriro uye vanoita basa rakafanana.

Mashoko okutodza STRUCTURAL chikwata chinonzi majini. Rinomiririra DNA chidimbu Coding chimwe mapuroteni.

endosome

Sero neerekitironi rine zvakawanda organelles mumwe - ndiye nucleolus. Hazvina akaparadzana karyoplasm Kamudzira, asi zviri nyore kuona apo kudzidza masero nemaikorosikopu. Vamwe tsanga kunogona vakawanda nucleoli. Kune avo umo organelles ava vasipo zvachose.

Chimiro musimboti chakafanana rinosvika, ane kumbonyanya diki saizi. It rinoumbwa mapurotini siyana. The chikuru kushanda nucleolus - kwetunhu ribosomal RNA, uye ribosomes pachavo. Ivo zvinodiwa pakusikwa polypeptide nengetani. Nucleoli vari akaumba kumativi dzakananga kumatunhu ari genome. Dzinonzi nucleolar murongi. Rine majini ose ribosomal RNA. Nucleolus, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ndiyo nzvimbo chete soro wevasungwa mapuroteni muchitokisi. Chikamu mapuroteni vaifanira kuita organelle mabasa.

Sezvo chikamu nucleolus ndivo hurongwa maviri: granular uye fibrillar. Chokutanga munhu achikura ribosomal subunit. It kuitwa fibrillar muzinda ribosomal RNA usage. Granular zvinoriumba unopoteredza fibrillary yaiva pakati nucleolus.

Muchitokisi neerekitironi ayo shanda

The basa reDare tsanga, ari zvakabatana chaizvo kwayo chivako. Internal hurongwa organelle anorenda kushandisa pezvakaitwa inokosha muchitokisi. Pano riri ruzivo majini kuti anosarudza marongerwo uye kushanda muchitokisi. The tsanga ndiye anokonzera kuchengetera uye kupararira kuvabereki ruzivo, rinoitwa munguva mitosis uye meiosis. In yokutanga nyaya mwanasikana Sero anopiwa fanana iine mubereki majini. Somugumisiro meiotic utachiona masero vari aumba ane haploid vanochengeta okutodza.

Chimwe hapana zvishoma chinokosha ndiko tsanga - murau pamusoro intracellular kwendangariro. Zvinonzi kuitwa vachiongorora kubatana kwetunhu mapuroteni anokonzera marongerwo uye mashandiro cellular zvinoriumba.

Mugumisiro mapuroteni usage imwe okuti. Core kutonga pezvakaitwa mukati muchitokisi, Chine ose organelles ari chete ezvinhu ane tsime-kushanda mashandiro. Kukundikana payo kazhinji kukonzera nechitokisi rufu.

Pakupedzisira, tsanga ndiyo nzvimbo kwetunhu subunits ose ribosomes, izvo basa paumbwe imwe amino acids yacho puroteni. Ribosomes dzinokosha mune nedanho transcription.

Sero Eukaryotic marongerwo zvikuru akakwana pane prokaryotic. The kwaita organelles avo pachavo Kamudzira zvakawedzera kunyatsoshanda kuti intracellular kwendangariro. Paumbwe panozogadzirika takapoteredzwa lipid Kamudzira, anobatsira chaizvo pakuita shanduka ichi. Protection yokugara mashoko Kamudzira vabvumirwe mukudzidzire yekare chete-celled zvinenge nzira itsva zvoupenyu. Pakati pavo paiva phagocytosis, inova imwe shanduro kwaita kuti symbiotic muviri, uyo akazova baba ano eukaryotic muchitokisi yayo noruzhinji organelles. Muchitokisi neerekitironi, marongerwo uye kushanda nevamwe zvivako zvitsva vakabvumirwa kushandisa okisijeni iri muviri. Zvakaguma nokuchinja kukuru mune biosphere paNyika, izvozvo nheyo paumbwe uye kukura zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu. Nhasi, eukaryotic Utachiona, izvo zvinosanganisira vanhu, kudzora nyika, uye hapana portends kuchinja panyaya iyi.