Mitemo Mendel vake. Kunyatsogona genetics

Gregor Mendel - yeAustria nyanzvi, akadzidza uye akatsanangura muenzaniso nhaka. Mitemo Mendel zvaJehovha - ndiwo hwaro genetics vachiri basa rinokosha iri kudzidza simba yedzinza uye nokupfuuridzirwa nhaka unhu.

In kuedza kwavo, masayendisiti vakayambuka siyana pizi, akasiyana pahwaro imwe nzira: mumumvuri ruvara, mvere, rakawunyana pizi, chokumisa nekukwirira. Uyezve, imwe nevamwe kuchiitwa Mendel kuti kuedza kwaiva kushandiswa vanonzi "mitsetse zvakachena", kureva vana kunokonzerwa nokuzvidzora pollination yacho nomubereki chirimwa. mitemo Mendel vake, mashoko uye tsanangudzo pfupi ichakurukurwa pazasi.

Kwemakore akawanda kudzidza uye akanyatsokopwa chokugadzirira kuedza pizi: chaiyo muhomwe kudzivirira maruva kubva zvokunze pollination, musayendisiti yeAustria yabudirira incredible zvabuda panguva iyoyo. Kwazvo uye dzakareba kuongorora humboo akabvumira mutsvakurudzi kuunza mitemo yedzinza, iyo gare gare pakuzivikanwa se "mitemo Mendel kuti".

Asati achipfuura kuti rondedzero mitemo inofanira kuziviswa akawanda pfungwa zvakakodzera kuti kunzwisisa acho:

Hukuru Gene - zviratidzo vane zviratidzo pachena mumuviri. Runotaurwa netsamba guru: A, B. By vachiyambuka rutivi akadaro anonzi conditionally simba, i.e. Iye nguva dzose unooneka panyaya, kana yechipiri mubereki chirimwa chichange yakaturikwa kanenge vanyoro zviratidzo. Ndezvipi zvinoratidza kuti mitemo Mendel.

Recessive Gene - zviratidzo ari phenotype jhaana, kunyange varipo vari genotype. Achiratidzei tsamba guru a, b.

Heterozygous - a dzemasanganiswa, ane genotype (yakatarwa majini), pane kureva uye recessive Gene kuti mumwe unhu. (AA uye BB)

Homozygous - a chemasanganiswa tinazvo chete hune kana recessive Gene anokonzera unhu. (AA kana BB)

Zvinotevera ichakurukurwa mitemo Mendel vake, akagadzira zvishoma.

mutemo wokutanga Mendel vake, hunonziwo mutemo kufanana VaNefirimu zvinogona akagadzira sezvinotevera: chizvarwa chokutanga VaNefirimu, vakawana kubva yakaisvonaka maberekero mitsetse yemadzibaba uye rwaamai chirimwa ane phenotypic (kureva, kwokunze) kusiyana akadzidza unhu. Nemamwe mashoko, vana vose vane mumvuri miti nemaruva, chokumisa urefu, kumeso kana roughness kuti pizi. Uyezve, zvinoratidza zviratidzo phenotypically anoenderana chaizvo kune yepakutanga hwaro mumwe vabereki.

Murairo mutemo panguva iyoyo Mendel kana yechipiri inoti vana heterozygous VaNefirimu vechizvarwa wokutanga okuzvibatsira pollination kana inbreeding zvichikanganisa recessive uye zvakazara maitiro. Zvino cleavage rinowanikwa mune zvinotevera nenzira: 75% - zvinomera ane hune unhu, dzasara 25% - with recessive. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kana mubereki zvinomera maruva matsvuku (hukuru) uye maruva yero (recessive unhu), mwanasikana chirimwa achava maruva 3/4 mutsvuku, uye navamwe - tsvuku.

Wechitatu uye pakupedzisira mutemo Mendel, rinonziwo mutemo kuzvimirira nhaka unhu, vakawanda mashoko, zvinoreva zvinotevera: kana mayambuka homozygous zvinomera maviri kana kupfuura dzakasiyana zvinhu (ndiko kuti, somuenzaniso, mukuru chirimwa maruva matsvuku (AABB) uye pasi chirimwa pamwe tsvuku maruva (aabb), vakadzidza zviratidzo (chokumisa kukwirira uye Hue maruva) vari nhaka tisingatungamirirwi. nemamwe mashoko, mugumisiro mazambuko ave miti vakareba vane tsvuku maruva (aabb) kana pasi tsvuku (aaBb).

mitemo Mendel zvaJehovha, achiri akazaruka pakati remakore rechi19, pashure zvikuru akawana kuzivikanwa. Selection - Kubva kwavari, rose genetics ano, uye pashure pacho yakavakwa. Uyezve, mitemo Mendel ndivo uchapupu-siyana kwemarudzi aripo nhasi.