Utsotso achitandadza nesarufa. Installations nokuti utsotso sarufa

Sarufa - chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana zvinhu pasi goko. Kakawanda izvozvo kumbowanikwa murwiyo zvicherwa ine simbi kunze kwake. kunakidza chaizvo pezvakaitwa kuitika apo kubika tembiricha uye kunyunguduka achitandadza nesarufa. azvaiitwa uye akabatanidza kunzwisisa uye isu akafukidza panguva ino. Asi kutanga, isu yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora nhoroondo kuwanikwa chinhu.

nyaya

Munguva chizvarwa chimiro, uyewo vari zvicherwa sarufa rave richizivikanwa kubvira kare. Mumagwaro ekare echiGiriki akatsanangura ayo hunokachidza mugumisiro yeimwe pamusoro womunhu. Sarufa yakasviba akasunungura panguva combustion pamusoro yeimwe ose chinhu ichi ndivakanganwire kutouraya kuvanhu. Around rechi8 remakore vakatanga kushandisa nesarufa China kuita pyrotechnic wemisanganiswa. Hazvishamisi, nokuti nyika iyi, iri akatenda kuti kutanga gunpowder.

Kunyange muIjipiti Ancient vanhu yave ichizivikanwa nzira roasting mhangura sarufa tubhokisi kwakavakirwa mhangura. Saka anobviswa simbi. Nesarufa chakasara muchimiro muchetura negasi SO _2.

Pasinei kubvira kare, zivo isuferi, tinoonga basa musayendisiti French Antuana Lavuaze. Ndiye yakasimbiswa kuti chinhu nhengo, uye zvibereko zvayo combustion - oxides.

Heino nhoroondo pfupi kudoma vanhu ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana. Next, isu hunonyatsodonongodza pezvakaitwa kuitika muura dzenyika uye zvichiita kuti paumbwe nesarufa muchimiro pazviri ikozvino.

Sezvo nesarufa rinooneka?

Pane zvisizvo zvakafanana kuti kakawanda chinhu ichi chinowanikwa muna chizvarwa (kureva, yakachena) chimiro. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chokwadi. Nesarufa kakawanda kuwanikwa sezvo unyorwe dzimwe simbi.

Panguva iyoyo, pane dzakawanda dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvayo yakachena chimiro. Ivo vanoti vakasiyana paumbwe sarufa ores uye nguva iyo mairi intersperses. Chokutanga, syngenesis dzidziso kunosanganisira paumbwe nesarufa pamwe ores. Maererano naye, vamwe utachiona kuti vararame penyanza mukobvu, kuderedza sulfates chipo mumvura, kuti rehydrogen sulfide. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, akamutsa apo vamwe bacteria oxidized kuti nesarufa. Akawira pasi pasi, yakavhenganiswa madhaka, uye ipapo pamwe chete ivo akaumba mhangura.

Musimboti wacho epigenetic pfungwa - kuti nesarufa mhangura yakaumbwa mukati maro kupfuura. Pane mapazi akawanda. Tichazvidudzira iwe chete pamusoro inonyanya musiyano wezvinyorwa pamusoro dzidziso iyi. Inoitwa pano mune: mvura pevhu ruchiyerera napakati kuunganidza sulfate ores hunopfumiswa navo. Zvadaro, achipfuura munda mafuta uye gasi, sulfate ions vari airarama rehydrogen sulfide yakafanira Mahydrocarbon. Rehydrogen sulfide, achifumira pemvura iri oxidized ne mumhepo okisijeni kuti nesarufa, riri iiswe pamatombo, zvichiumba crystals. Pfungwa iyi ichangobva kuwanikwa kuwedzera uchapupu, asi ichiri mubvunzo rakazaruka pamusoro kemisitiri pamusoro transformations izvi.

Kubva nedanho kwakabva nesurferi zvakasikwa avapo okunatsiridza ayo.

Allotropy uye polymorphism

Sarufa, kufanana nezvimwe zvinhu periodic table zhinji, huripo zvakasikwa munzira dzakawanda. In wekemisitiri, dzinonzi allotropic okunatsiridza. Pane rhombic nesarufa. Utsotso pfungwa zviri zvishoma kuvatumwa kuti rechipiri nadzurudzo: monoclinic (112 uye 119 Celsius). Asi zvinosiyana munyika nemamiriro chikwata masero. Rhombic sarufa zvikuru gobvu uye nemishonga. Zvinogona nokuda kudziyisa kuti madhigirii 95 kutamira kechipiri chimiro - monoclinic. Takakurukura chaikosha yedu ane analogues mu periodic table. Polymorphism rwesarufa, selenium uye tellurium, masayendisiti akakurukura kudaro kure. Vane hwepedyo zvikuru pakati pavo, uye vose okunatsiridza kuti vanoumba, kufanana chaizvo.

Zvino tichakurukura kwemasayendisiti kuitika kunyunguduka nesarufa. Asi usati watanga, chinofanira kuva zvishoma Dip ari sekristaro yekamuri urongwa dzidziso uye mananara kuitika panguva danho kuchinja nyaya.

Chii sekristaro?

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, mune gaseous mamiriro fuma iri muchimiro mamorekuru (kana maatomu) vari randomly uchifamba muchadenga. The mvura fuma iri inoramba ayo dzikarongwa pamwechete, asi vachingove zvikuru zvizhinji rusununguko rwokufamba. In yakasimba uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. hurumende chinguva zvakasiyana. Pano, mwero kuitira kunowedzera wayo kunonyanyisa kukosha, uye maatomu vanoumba sekristaro napamahwindo. Zviri Zvechokwadi, ivo oscillations kutora nzvimbo, asi vane chidukuduku amplitude uye haagoni kunzi kusununguka kufamba.

Mumwe sekristaro inogona rakakamurwa masero zvokutanga - zvakadai Serial kwokubatana kwemaatomu kuti inodzokororwa yose vhoriyamu dzokuenzanisira akakura. Pano zvakafanira kujekesa kuti sero kwakadaro - harisi sekristaro yekamuri, uye ipapo maatomu vanosarudzirwa mune imwe vhoriyamu manhamba panzvimbo nodes ayo. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe sekristaro, ivo dzakasiyana, asi vanogona rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda makuru (mechanical hurongwa) zvichienderana geometry: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, hexagonal, cubic.

Ngatimboongororai zvishoma mumwe mhando grids, nokuti kugovana subspecies mashoma zvikuru. Uye isu tichati kutanga zvavanenge zvingasiyana pachavo. Chekutanga, ndiye nhamba yacho urefu mativi, uye chepiri pakona pakati pavo.

Saka, triclinic sekiristaro hurongwa, vaduku pakati zvose, chinhu chepuraimari nesefa (parallelogram) sezvamakaropafadzwa mativi ose uye pamakona havana kuenzana. Chimwe mumiririri vanonzi nechepazasi muchikwata syngonies - monoclinic. Pane makona vaviri muchitokisi 90 madhigirii, uye mativi ose vane zvakasiyana yakareba. Inotevera mhando akarondedzera imwe muchikwata yakaderera, - the orthorhombic hurongwa. It ane nhatu dzisakarurama kutsigira mumwe, asi zvose makona nhamba dziri madhigirii 90.

Ngatitaurei anozodzidza muchikwata pakati. Uye wokutanga nhengo yaro - ari tetragonal hurongwa. Pano Fananidzo hakuna kuoma zvokufungidzira kuti vose pamakona ose nechipi, iye akaenzana madhigirii 90, uyewo mbiri mativi matatu vakaenzana. Akatevera mumiririri - rhombohedral (trigonal) sekristaro hurongwa. Zvose zvishoma kunakidza. Izvi mhando kunorondedzerwa vatatu akafanana kumativi matatu makona, izvo zvakaenzana pakati pavo, asi havana twasu.

Ekupedzisira nzira iri muchikwata pakati - the hexagonal hurongwa. In kwayo tsananguro zvakatowanda kunzwisisa. musimboti iyi yakavakirwa kumativi matatu, vaviri vari vakaenzana uye iumbe necheparutivi rworwendo 120, uye wechitatu ari ndege perpendicular kwavari. Kana iwe tora munhu-sero matatu hexagonal maitiro uye pamurume navo mumwe, tinowana mumwe humburumbira pamwe hexagonal chawo (rwuri sei iye ane zita akadaro, nokuti "hexa" muchiLatin rinoreva "nhanhatu").

Asi porusvingo zvose sekristaro gadziriro kuva symmetry kwose - cubic. Iye ndiye chete vari chemhando muchikwata. Pano unogona chete edza sei anogona kuzivikanwa. makona All uye mativi vakaenzana nomumwe uye dzinoumba kuutio.

Saka isu akapedza kuongorora dzidziso huru mapoka sekristaro mugadziriro, uye ikozvino ndinokuudzai zvakawanda pamusoro nemamiriro siyana nesarufa, uye zvivako zvinotevera kubva ichi.

Sechivako nesarufa

Sezvambotaurwa, sarufa ane okunatsiridza maviri: monoclinic uye orthorhombic. Mushure partition pamwe dzidziso zvirokwazvo zvakava pachena sei zvakasiyana. Asi wose ndeyokuti, zvichienderana tembiricha iri yekamuri mamiriro dzingasiyana. All vari nedanho transformations kuitika apo nesarufa utsotso tembiricha zvasvika. Ipapo sekristaro yekamuri vaparadzwa chose, uye maatomu zvakawanda kana zvishoma takasununguka kufamba muchadenga.

Asi shure marongerwo uye zvinoitwa pfuma akadai nesarufa. Properties kwemakemikari zvinhu zvisinganyanyi novimba maumbirwo yavo. Somuenzaniso, nesarufa musimba zvechadenga sekristaro mamiriro ane midziyo flotation. nezvimedu ayo asina wetted nemvura, uye nokunamatira kwaari matema achizvuzvurudza navo pemvura. Saka, mukanyiwa sarufa floats kana mumvura. Kunosanganisira dzimwe nzira mekuparadzanisa chinhu kubva musanganiswa ilk ake. Zvino tichava kutarira dzinokosha nzira kugadzirwa akakura ichi.

dzokubudisa

Sarufa anogona akavata zvicherwa siyana, uye nokudaro panguva dzakasiyana pakadzika. Zvichienderana ichi, sarudza dzakasiyana kugadzirwa nzira. Kana udzamu iri diki uye hapana pevhu gasi accumulations kuti kuchidzivisa kugadzirwa, mashoko ari mined ne rakavhurika nzira: dzakachena akaturikidzana nematombo uye kuwana mhangura ine sarufa, tumai kuti marara. Asi kana izvi zvinhu asina akasangana uye pane ngozi, ipapo kushandisa downhole nzira. Sezvo zvakafanira kuti utsotso pfungwa nesurferi yakanga kubudirira. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa chaiwo kugadzwa. Midziyo nokuti kubvunda chinogumbura sarufa saizvozvi kunotodiwa. Asi izvi -Slightly paya.

Kazhinji, ari dzokubudisa rwesarufa chero nzira pane mukuru panjodzi nomuchetura, nekuti kazhinji naye nhema rehydrogen sulfide nesarufa dioxide, izvo ngozi chaizvo vanhu.

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chii zvakanakira nekuipira ane ichi kana kuti nzira, Kutarira nzira processing sarufa tubhokisi mhangura.

dzokubudisa

Panowo pane nzira dzakawanda kuti dzinobva zvakasiyana zvachose ehupfumi rwesarufa. Pakati pavo vane chafariz, dzokubudisa, Steam, uye Centrifugal filtration.

Vazhinji vavowo - chafariz. Vari inobva pakuti utsotso tembiricha uye kubika sarufa kudzika kupfuura ores umo zvinonzi "wedged". The chete dambudziko iri kuti zvakawanda simba riri kuparadzwa. Kuti tirambe tembiricha dzaimbova kupisa nesarufa. Pasinei nyore nzira iri basa, uye kurasikirwa kunogona kusvika nhoroondo 45 muzana.

Tiri pamusoro davi chenhau kukura, saka endai chiutsi-mvura nzira. Kusiyana chafariz nzira izvi zvichiri kushandiswa mafekitari zhinji. Sezvineiwo, zviri kwakavakirwa chete pfuma - kusiyana Kubika pfungwa uye kubvunda nesarufa zvichibva nhengo yemagazini shamwari simbi. Musiyano chete ndiko kunoita rinopisa. Yose kwacho Rinodzika autoclaves - chaiyo zvivako. Pane zvokudya sulfuric zvakapfumisa mhangura ine 80% of anobudiswa maatomu akafanana. Zvadaro, achipinda autoclave pasi kufurirwa jekiseni kupisa hwemvura. Muchidziisa kusvika 130 Celsius, nesarufa yanyungudika uye vakabviswa hurongwa. Chokwadi, kuramba uye vanonzi miswe - sarufa nezvimedu akayangarara mumvura kuumbwa nokuda condensation mvura mhute. Ivo vanobviswa uye apiwa akabvumira pakuitika, sezvo panewo aine zvakawanda kwatiri achida chinhu.

Chimwe chezvinhu ano nzira - centrifuge. Nenzira, akava mu Russia. Muchidimbu, musimboti zviri kuti uchanyangadika musanganiswa sarufa zvicherwa, izvo zvaanoripirwa zviri plunges rive centrifuge uye vakakosa panguva kumhanya. More inorema dombo nokuda Centrifugal simba ruchigona nepakati, uye nesarufa pacharo anoramba yepamusorosoro. Next, akaturikidzana aya nyore vaparadzana mumwe.

Pane imwe nzira, rinova richiri kushandiswa mukurima. It kunoratidzwa kuparadzana nesarufa zvicherwa kuburikidza chaiwo filters.

Munyaya ino, tichakurukura chete chafariz dzokubudisa nzira urwu chinhu chinokosha kwatiri.

Utsotso kwacho

Kudzidza kupisa kuchinjirwa mu kunyunguduka sarufa - mubvunzo unokosha, nokuti imwe mari kupfuura nzira dzokubudisa kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Tinogona nokubatanidza parameters wegadziriro panguva kudziyisa, uye tinofanira kuverenga kwavo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mubatanidzwa. Ndokusaka kudzidza kuitwa kupisa Exchange uye kuongorora hunhu nesurferi utsotso kwacho. Kune mhando inoverengeka mezviruva kuti izvi. Bhaira nokuti utsotso sarufa - mumwe wavo. Preparation of achida chinhu uchishandisa chigadzirwa ichi - mubatsiri nzira. Zvisinei, nhasi pane chinokosha chairema - the chikwata kuti utsotso nechigumbuso sarufa. Chinogona zvinobudirira kushandiswa pakuburitswa kuwana nesurferi mukuru kutsvinda mune yakawanda.

Nokuti chinangwa pamusoro muna 1890 yakanga yagadzirwa yokugadza, izvo ambotirega kubvunda sarufa panguva kudzika uye kupomba pemvura vachishandisa nenyere. Chimiro Its rakanaka uye vakarongeka ichishanda: zvibereko zviviri vari mumwe. By rokunze chubhu circulates chaipisa kuti madhigirii 120 (nesarufa utsotso pfungwa) yegwara. Mugumo yomukati chubhu zvikanzwika deposits ari achida chinhu kwatiri. mvura pakutsamwisana sarufa anotanga itye uende panze. Zviri nyore. Mazuva ano shanduro chokugadza rine mumwe chubhu: zviri mukati mutopota nesarufa, uye pamusoro zvazvinoita, compressed mhepo, izvo zvinoita kuti uchanyangadika kumukazve nokukurumidza.

Kune nzira dzakawanda, uye mumwe wavo zvasvika sarufa utsotso tembiricha. Chiri kutura muvhu electrodes maviri uye vakavarega kutaura. Sezvo sarufa - chaiwo dielectric, hazvina kuitisa magetsi uye anotanga kuti vakuchidzire. Saka inonyunguduka uye vachishandisa nenyere, sezvo ari wokutanga muitiro iri pumped kunze. Kana uchida kutumira nesurferi kune sulfuric acid, zvino ari dzakaparira pasi muvhu, uye goho kunoguma gasi kunze. dookislyayut kwahwo nesarufa oxide (VI), uye ipapo zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura kuwana kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa.

Takurukura kunyunguduka nesarufa, sarufa utsotso chirimwa uye nzira kwayo kugadzirwa. Zvino yava nguva yokuti uone kuti nei tichifanira kuva akaoma nzira yakadaro. Kutaura zvazviri, kuongorora nesarufa utsotso muitiro netembiricha kudzora gadziriro anofanira zvakanaka kucheneswa uye zvinobudirira kushandisa chokupedzisira dzokubudisa chigadzirwa. After sarufa - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinhu kuti basa rinokosha munzvimbo zhinji hwedu.

kunyoresa

Maturo kutaura, apo zvinoshanda sarufa yeimwe. Nyore kutaurira apo havasi kushanda. Sarufa iri chero rabha uye rabha zvigadzirwa, zviri gasi kuti zvokudya mumba (apo zvakakodzera kuziva idonhe ari chiitiko vakadaro). Ndiwo hwezuva nezuva uye nyore mienzaniso yakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri, mafomu asingaverengeki nesarufa. Zvinyore zvose zviri nyore zvisingaitiki. Asi kana tikatora kuita izvi, zvinoitika kuti nesarufa - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kuti vanhu.

mhedziso

Kubva ino, iwe wakadzidza sei utsotso tembiricha iri nesarufa kupfuura chinhu kuchikosha kwatiri. Kana uchifarira izvi rayo kudzidza, imi angangodaro akaziva chinhu chitsva. Somuenzaniso, kungava kunyanya sarufa utsotso. Chero zvazvingava, hakuna muganhu pakukwana, uye hapana vedu kutadzisa ruzivo pezvakaitwa kuitika indasitiri. Wakasununguka kuramba kukura kwezvinhu nezvehukorokodzwa kugadzirwa pezvakaitwa, dzokubudisa uye kubudiswa nesarufa uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri pasi goko.