"Rusununguko, Hama, Kuenzana!" - chirevo chehurumende cheFrench Republic

Hurumende yeFrance ndeimwe yezvokutanga muEurope iyo yakabvisa maitiro ehurumende ehurumende uye saizvozvo ikakonzera kuchinja kukuru mukuziva kwevanhu vemarudzi akawanda.

Izvo zvezveMari zvinotarisirwa zveFrench Revolution

Kuburikidza kweFrance Republic kwakatungamirira kupanduka, iyo yakatangira kubva muna 1789 kusvika muna 1794. Zvinokonzera kupandukira zvinogona kutaridzirwa sedambudziko rakadzika revanhu uye rezvematongerwe enyika, iro rakarova France panguva iyoyo. Nyika yacho yaitungamirirwa neumambo hwakakwana, uye yakange isingagoni kugadzirisa matambudziko ose, kudzivirira chete zvinodiwa zvevanhu vakakurumbira vevanhu. Nhoroondo yehurumende yeFrance yakagara iri nhoroondo yekutonga kweumambo, asi muna 1789 zvakava pachena kuti haikwanisi kupfuurira seizvi. Imwe nyika yakakura yakatonga nyika, pakanga paine nhamba yakawanda yevagari vepfuma vainge vaine hutungamiri mune zvehupfumi kune madzishe emapurisa. Zvichakadaro, kukurudzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi kwakatanga, vashandi vaidiwa kune zvivako. Rusununguko, kuenzana, ukama hweFrench hwakanzwisiswa semukana wekuti munhuwo zvake ashande kwete mumusha chete, asiwo muguta.

Mukuwedzera, varimi vaipfuurira kuparadzwa, asi mambo nevakasungwa vake vakaparadza pfuma yezvivaraidzo zvavo. Izvi zvakakonzera kusagutsikana kukuru pakati pevanhu.

Zvinodiwa zveMweya zveZvishanduri zveFrance

Kubudirira kweFrance kwakagadzirwa nezvinyorwa zveChiedza chezana remakore gumi nemasere. Nyanzvi dzakadaro saVoltaire naLa Rochefoucauld vakaita nekuparidza kweunhu hwakanaka hwepfungwa dzevanhu . Vakatenda kuti pfungwa huru yekushandura kwevanhu nderusununguko, hukama, kuenzana. Vanhu vose vanofanira kunge vane kodzero yakaenzana, pasinei nokuti chii uye kuti chii chavanoita mari. Kudzivisa kushandiswa kwechimwe chikamu chevanhu nemumwe, kubviswa kweshefu - aya ndiwo mazano anosimudzirwa nevechiedza chechiFrench.

Izvo zvinotyisa zvehondo

Kuchinja kweFrance kwakagadzirirwa nemasimba matatu makuru. Yokutanga yeiyi inogona kuonekwa sevagari vomuFrance, avo vainge vakaoma zvikuru kubhadhara mabasa evanhu, yechipiri ihwo huwandu hweguta - vashandi, vashandi, kazhinji, vanhu vanoshanda. Simba rechitatu rinogona kufungidzirwa kuti ndiro bourgeoisie, iyo ine mazinesi emabhizimisi uye yakaita bhizinesi. Vose vakabatana chirevo cheFrance: "Rusununguko, hukama, kuenzana."

Izvo zvose simba iri rakabatanidzwa mubasa rokuti mambo anofanira kubviswa pamasimba uye kupa vanhu mutemo umo kodzero dzevanhu uye dzevanhu dzinogona kuratidzwa. Asi paivawo nekusawirirana. Nokudaro, vamiririri vehurumende vakafunga kuti rusununguko, hukama, huyano hwakanaka kusvikira pane imwe nguva, uye ipapo iwe unogona kutanga kutarisa guta uye pfuma mune rumwe rutivi.

Nzira ye revolution. General States

Mambo Louis XVI akasarudza kuti, maererano nehupfumi hwemari nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi munyika, zvakakosha kuunganidza General States, uye akarayira Necker kuti atarisane nemushumiri uyu. May 5, 1789 vakaunganidzwa, vachitungamirirwa naVaMugabe Mirabeau. Akatenda kuti zvinyorwa zveFrance Revolution zvinogona kutya vanhu vazhinji, saka tinofanira kuenda kumabatanidzwa amambo, vafundisi uye vanhu. Asi zvakabva zvaitika kuti mambo haadi kutora mvumo uye kuita zvarudzo. Uyezve, akaedza kuparadzira General States, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga yava National Assembly. Chirevo cheFrance "Rusununguko, kuenzana, ukama" hwakanga husina kukodzera munhu wose.

Sezvo Mutungamiri Mirabeau akaramba kuputsa musangano, mauto ekunze akaumbwa muParis, aine maGermany nemaSweden vemauto. Mutungamiri Necker akadzingwa, uye ichi chaiva chikonzero chekutanga kwekumuka kwevanhu vakawanda. "Rusununguko, hama, kuenzana!" - akadanidzira vaParisiti, avo vaida kuparadza mambo ane simba rose.

Kubatwa kweBastille

Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1789 inonzi izuva rakakurumbira munhoroondo yeFrance. Pazuva rino, mazana masere eParisiti akaenda kundotyisa jeri, iro ndiro Bastille, pamwe navo kune vamwe vaviri vokuRussia.

Bastille pakutanga yaionekwa sejeri yevatongi, asi panguva iyoyo, panguva yaLouis XVI, jeri rinowanzogadzirwa naro. Ihwo hunoshamisa hwaiva nemamiriro ezvinhu akasununguka eusungwa, pano vasungwa vaiva nemukana wekushanda nekuverenga. Kunyanya, Bastille yakanga isina chinhu - panguva iyo yakatorwa iyo yaiva nevanomwe chete vasungwa.

Kubatwa kweBastille kwakaratidzwa pasi rose sekutonga kwekusununguka uye kururamisira. Vazhinji vaifunga kuti rusununguko, hukama, hukama, nekuparadzwa kwejeri iri pakupedzisira kwakazadzika.

Kukunda kweRepublic

Panguva ino, masuwa eParis akagumiswa, uye guta racho raitongwa neCommune, iyo yaifunga kuti yakanga iri pasi peNational Assembly chete. Pasi pemhirizhonga yevanhu vanozivikanwa munaAugust, vamiririri vevafundisi nevakuru vakasiya nzvimbo yavo yakaropafadzwa. Musi waAugust 26, Declaration yakakurumbira yeHurumende dzeMunhu neCitizen yakaonekwa. Rusununguko, hukama, kuenzana kwava maitiro aro anokosha. Rusununguko rwokusununguka rwevanhu vose, kodzero yake yekuzvimirira, yakagamuchirwa. Mitero yakawanda yakaparadzwa, uye varimi vakagomera vakasununguka. Vakasunungura chegumi chechechi uye vaifanira kubhadhara mitero kune madzishe madzishe.

Mambo Louis XVI akazova nhapwa kuvane masimba matsva, uye munun'una wake nevamwe vamiririri vehurumende dzeFrance vakabva vabva. June 20, 1791 mhuri yeumambo yakaedza kutiza kune dzimwe nyika pamotokari, asi yakakundikana, uye yakadzorerwa.

Kuparadzwa kweumambo uye kutonga kweRepublic

MunaAugust 1792 pakange pane sarudzo kuNational Convention, mamiriro acho akanga asina kunyarara. Musi waSeptember 20, musangano wake wokutanga wakaitika, uye chirevo chekutanga chakagumisa umambo.

Nokukurumidza, Mambo Louis akaurayiwa, uye hondo pakati peFrance nedzimwe nyika yakatanga. "Rusununguko, kuenzana, ukama" - iyo nyaya ine zvinyorwa izvi yaida kuona vagari vemamwe nyika. Musi waFebruary 1, France yakatanga hondo neBritain. Mutungamiri weChirungu Pitt William the Younger akatanga hupfumi hweFrance, uye izvi zvakakanganisa nyika yenyika. MuFrance, nzara uye kupandukira kurwisana nehondo zvakatanga. Zvino vanaJakoins naGirondins, mapoka maviri muChitodzano, vakatanga kukakavadzana. Mumwe wevatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika, Danton akasika Komiti yeVanhu Ruponeso, iyo kwemakore akawanda yakanyatsogadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwe enyika nezvematongerwe enyika.

Mamiriro ekugadzirisa

Muna 1792, Chibvumirano chakaita shanduko huru yekugadzirisazve nyika kuburikidza nevarimi. Vafudzi vakagamuchirawo dzimwe ropafadzo. Vakaziva kuti chirevo chikuru cheFrench Republic chaive rubatsiro rwevashandi veguta uye vashandi vekurima. Basa rose rekutsvaga rakaparadzwa, nzvimbo dzevatungamiri veEmigre dzakapatsanurwa kuva maduku maduku uye dzakatengeswa, kuitira kuti dzigone kutengwa nehutori husina kunaka. Iyi shanduko yakanyatsobatanidza vagari venyika nevekuvandudza, uye havacharota zvekudzorera hurumende.

Kuchinja kwenyika kwakaratidza kuti ndiyo yakagadzikana zvikuru mumutauro weFrance, uye hutsva hutungamiri hweFrance hwakaramba huri kwenguva refu, asi rutivi rukuru rwemasimba rwakanga husina kugadzikana.

Zvimwe kuchinja mune simba reFrance

Muna 1794 nyika yakatongwa naRobespierre uye Komiti yeVanhu Ruponeso. Robespierre akauraya Eber nevamwe vashanduki. Musi waJuly 27, hurumende yaRobespierre yakabviswa, uye akatumirwa kune guillotine.

Gungano rakapararira muna 1795, uye madzimambo emadzimambo akatanga kutarisa nzira dzekudzokera kunyika yekwavo. Rusununguko, kuenzana, hukama hwechiFrench hwakanzwisiswa navo sekana mukana wekuwanazve mamwe masimba avo ekare.

Gumiguru 28, 1795, imwe nyika itsva yeFrance yakatanga kuvapo kwayo. Pamusoro waro kwaiva Dare. Panguva ino, France yakaita hondo dzinotyisa muEurope, uye Tsvakurudzo yakaedza nenzira dzose inogona kuwana nzira yekuenderera mberi nehondo.

Pakupera kwa1795, Count Barras akakwevera mukuru wechidiki Napoleon Bonaparte kuti abvise kupesana muParis. Bonaparte aidavira kuti "Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood" ndiyo shanduro yeFrench rabble, iyo inofanira kunge yakanyarara. Hanzvadzi yake, Lucien Bonaparte, aiva munyori wezvakagadzikana uye akareba zvikuru uyo akabatsira Napoleon kubata simba.

Musi waOctober 16, Napoleon nemauto ake akauya kuParis, uye ikoko vakaona kuti vakanga vari zviratidzo zveFrance Revolution. Saka, akakwaziswa achifara. Pasi pekutonga kwaBonaparte, Directory yakagadzirwa nechepasi peFrance mutsara weetaneti inotsigira hurumende kutonga mairi. Nharaunda yenyika yakakura, uye pamusoro wayo mutungamiri mutsva ane simba, Napoleon Bonaparte, akaonekwa.

Zvinorehwa neFrench Revolution ndezvekuti pakupedzisira yakaparadza hutongi hwehurumende uye yakabatsira kubvumirana kwehupfumi. Icho chaiva chishamiso chakasimba chezana remakore gumi nemasere, uye nerubatsiro rwayo, kuchinja kukuru muhutano hwemagariro enyika kwakagadziriswa.