Nzira yeNuremberg makore 70 gare gare. Mutambo wepasi rose wevatungamiri veNazi

Nzira yeNuremberg makore 70 mushure mokuguma kwayo inoramba iri chiratidzo chakakisisa uye chisingakanganwiki cheruramisiro pamusoro pevapanduki veNazi. Ichi chaiva chekutanga chekuita kwayo, iyo yaiva pakati pekucherechedza kwevanhu vose venyika mumakore ekutanga eve mushure mushure mekuwa kweReich.

Sangano rekuita

Kutongwa kwevatungamiri veNazi Germany kwakatanga kutaura kwenguva refu vasati vakurira muhondo. Imwe misangano yepamutemo yevatorwa vekunze kune dzimwe nyika dzeAllied pachiitiko ichi chakaitika kure ne1943. Munguva yeChirangaridzo Yalta, Stalin, Churchill naRoosevelt pachavo vakagunzva nyaya iyi yakaoma.

Mumwe nomumwe wevatungamiri venyika munzira yake pachake akaona kuedza kweutungamiriri hweTatu Reich. Mutungamiriri weGreat Britain akatozvipira kupfura pedyo Hitler mushure mokunge asungwa. Stalin naRoosevelt vakamuramba. Imwe nzira kana imwe, asi chibvumirano chepamutemo cheruvanze chakazosvika mushure mekukunda mumusangano weLondon muzhizha ra1945. Kunyanya, runyorwa rwemhosva huru yeNazi rwakanyorwa, iyo yaisanganisira vanhu 24. Vaiva varwi, vezvematongerwo enyika uye vanofunga nezveHurumende yechitatu.

Zvechokwadi, munhu wose aida kutonga Hitler kutanga, asi akazviuraya mumubhedha wake usati wawa Berlin. Pamwe chete naye, mukuru weNazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels akapedza upenyu hwake . Ivo nevamwe vatungamiri vehurumende vakatya kusungwa, kuteverwa nemhosva yeNuremberg. Makore makumi manomwe gare gare, zvizvarwa zvinogona kutaura nechivimbo: hapana mumwe wevapambi vakuru vaizopukunyuka kuurayiwa.

Kutanga kwemisangano

November 20, 1945 mutongo weNuremberg wakazarurwa . Muchidimbu, nyika yose yakanga ichimirira iye. Gore rinotevera, vatapi venhau vanobuda mumapepanhau makuru uye mabhuku kubva kunyika imwe neimwe vakaedza kubvisa ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pekufambira mberi kwekuongorora.

Kutanga kwemhosva yeNuremberg kwakasimbiswa neAmerica. Mumazuva maviri emashambadziro ainzi Gustav Krupp akarwara, uyo akapa rubatsiro rukuru rwemari kuhurumende yeNazi. MaAmerica aitya kuti aizofa asina kumirira mutongo wake.

Aive nemisangano 403 yakaitwa. Dare, maererano nezvibvumirano zveLondon, rakagadzirwa nevamiririri emasimba masimba anokunda (USSR, USA, Great Britain neFrance). Nyika imwe neimwe yaimiririrwa nemutongi, mutongi mukuru uye nyanzvi dzakawanda dzematare. Somuenzaniso, zvaidiwa neUSSR zvakasimirirwa nemuchuchisi weUkraine Roman Rudenko, Colonel weJustice Alexander Volkov. Uyewo muNuremberg waiva mumwe wevatungamiri vakakwirira veDare Repamusoro reSoviet Union Ion Nikitchenko.

Kurwisana pakati pevashandi

Sangano rinokurumidzira rakanga riri pamwe nekutya kukuru, kwakaonekwa nevose vanoita. Izvi zvaive zvichikonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwechisikirwo muhukama hwevanokunda nyika. Cold War haisati yatanga, asi nyika yatotamira mberi nokukurumidza. Nyika dzakaparadzanisa Europe muzvikamu zvekutonga. Zvido zvevatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika chete, asiwo mazano aisangana nawo pano.

Epochal akanga ari kutaura kweChurchill's Fulton , yakabudiswa musi waMarch 5, 1946, apo mutongo weNuremberg wakange uchiri kuenderera mberi. Makore 70 gare gare vanyori venhoroondo vanobvumirana kuti kutaura uku kwaiva chirevo kune kupikisa kwehurumende uye hutongi hwema Communist muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechi20. Churchill akatsigira hutungamiri hweUSSR yekuparadza hurumende yehurumende munyika yake, achideredza "chidzitiro chesimbi" pamusoro penyika apo Red Army yakanga iripo.

Kutaura kwakakonzera kuitika kwebhobho rinoputika. Akakonzerawo miedzo yeNuremberg. Kuti tizviise muchidimbu, kukakavhiringidza kwevakawanda kwakatanga kukwira mukati mekutonga. Mukuwedzera, vanyengeri veNazi vakasarudza kuti iyi yaiva mukana wavo wokupedzisira wokuti varwe chirango. Pakaitika hondo pakati peU.S. uye USSR, iyo nzira yose inogona kuparara. Vatsigiri vacho vakava nehurukuro mumashoko avo, uye magweta avo akashandurawo rhetoric.

Kudzivirirwa kweanopomerwa

Vatongi veGermany vakavaka kudzivirirwa kwevatongi pamitemo yakawanda. Chokutanga, sangano rekugadziriswa rakarohwa uye icho chaicho chaicho chaitungamirirwa nevakakuvadzwa (vashandi), uye kwete nedare rakasununguka, sezvinowanzoitika panguva yorugare.

Chechipiri, magweta akaramba kubvuma kutendeseka kwemitauro mitsva mumitauro. Semuenzaniso, aya akanga asiri maonero aivepo kare e "kugadzirira hondo yehondo" uye "mhosva yekurwisana."

Kutongerwa rufu

Kunyange zvakadaro, basa remazuva emagurukota rakapedza zvibereko. Zviuru zvemagwaro zvaiongororwa, basa guru rakaitwa kuti riwane humwe uchapupu hwemhosva. Maererano nesarudzo yedare, vanhu 12 vakatongerwa rufu. Mumwe wavo - Martin Bormann - akafa panguva yekufamba kubva kuBerlin mumazuva ekupedzisira ehondo. Asi panguva yemusangano wekutonga, mutumbi wake hauna kuwanikwa, uye vazhinji vakatenda kuti akakwanisa kutiza. Nokudaro, akatongerwa rufu musipo.

Chirwere chikuru chakamirirawo Hermann Goering, mutungamiri weReichstag uye Reichsminister of Aviation. Akanga ari mumwe wevanhu vakaipa zvikuru veNazi avo vakapona vachiedzwa.

Kutanga kwemhosva yeNuremberg kwakaratidzwa nekutaura kwezvinyorwa zvakavanzika zveMolotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, iyo yakataura nezvekuparadzaniswa kwePoland uye ukama hwakabatana pakati peGermany ne USSR muna 1939-1940. Nokuda kweSoviet side, iyi yaiva nyaya yakanyanyisa, iyo mapato akaedza kutaurirana musati yatanga. Chero zvazviri, Ribbentrop akawana mutongo werufu. Chibvumirano chakasayirwa naiye naMotov, chakabudiswa muU.SR chete mumakore e perestroika.

Zvimwe zvinogadziriswa

Vanhu vazhinji (kusanganisira Rudolf Hess) vakagamuchira mutongo weupenyu mujeri. Paivawo nemhosva pakati peavo vakapomerwa, somuenzaniso, muparidzi weredhiyo uye propagandist Hans Fritsche.

VaNazi Party, SD, SS, Gestapo nemimwe miviri inotonga panguva yekutonga kwaHitler vakaonekwa semasangano emhosva. Kubva pamutemo wepamutemo, ichi chaive chirevo chekukosha. Akabvumira kutanga mamwe mishandirapamwe ekuderedza kweGermany nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope apo maitirwo enyika aivapo. Mutongo weNuremberg wakatungamirira kumigumisiro yakadaro. Mutongo wakapera musi waOctober 1, 1946.

Dzimwe nhengo dzedare

Zvinenge zvisina kunaka kufunga kuti nhoroondo yeNuremberg yapera pashure pokupera kwebasa reMutungamiriri Mukuru. Yaiva chiratidzo chekuita. Pamusoro pazvo mapoka makuru emhosva yeTatu Reich akaedzwa. Zvisinei, mumajeri eAllies pane vanhu vakawanda vepaduku shoma avo vaibatanidzwawo muHolocaust uye mamwe maitiro ehurumende yaHitler.

Saka, muna 1946-1949. MuNuremberg imwecheteyo, pane gumi nembiri nzira. Vakatungamirirwa nehutungamiri hweAmerica, iyo ndiyo yaipomerwa mutongi. Mhosva dzechiremba dzakabatanidzwa mune zvakaitika kune vanhu mumisasa yevasungwa, SS mahofisi, vatungamiri, nezvimwewo vaifungidzirwa.Vatongi vanoverenga zvizhinji zvekutongerwa rufu. Basa guru iri raisazopindira mumutongo mumwechete weNuremberg. Makore ekutsvakurudza, kuungana kweuchapupu, kubvunzurudzwa kwezvapupu - izvi zvose zvakatora nguva yakareba.

Mugumo wevapambi vatiza

Mamwe mapurisa eNazi akatizira kunyika zvakanaka mumazuva ekupedzisira ehondo. Kazhinji ivo vakagara muLatin America, kwavakakwanisa kuwana magwaro matsva nemazita enhema. Vamwe vevapoteri ava havana kumboonekwa.

Asi paiva nedzidzo dzekare. Somuenzaniso, mumwe wevarongi vekuuraya kukuru kwevaJudha, Adolf Eichmann, kusvika muna 1960, vakagara zvakanaka muBuenos Aires. Akarongedzwa, akatorwa uye akatorwa kuIsrael ne Mossad. Mhosva yeEichmann yaiva makore maviri. Yakanga yakafukidzirwa yakafukidzirwa nepepanhau uye yakanga yakangofanana nedare reNuremberg. Makore makumi manomwe gare gare, vatungamiri veNazi vakapukunyuka kururamisira vave vatofa nehuchembera, asi mhosva dzavo pamusoro pevanhu dzakabvumirana pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika yose .