Mambo Trajan: pfupi biography, zvinonakidza chokwadi, mufananidzo

Pasi paTrajan, uyo akatonga muna 98-117, Umambo hweRoma hwakasvika pakakwirira. Uyu mambo akarova hondo dzinoverengeka dzakabudirira nevavakidzani, vachiita mukuvakwa kwemaguta nekukomberedza nyika itsva. Akakwanisa kuwana mutauro wakafanana nezvose zvikamu zvevanhu vechiRoma, nekuda kwekuti umambo hwemakore makumi maviri hwakave hwakagadzikana nekubudirira.

Kubva

Mambo wepamusoro Trajan akazvarwa musi waSeptember 18, 53 muguta reItalica, mudunhu reBetique. Nhasi iyo inharaunda yeSpain. Munguva yekare, yakakwezva marudzi ose emakoloni. Nyika yerudzi rwaMambo Trajan yaiva nyaya yekukakavadzana kukuru pakati peRoma neCarthage. Mhuri yemukomana iyi yakanga yakaberekwa nemasoja akatungamirirwa neScipio akakurumbira kuenda kuItaly panguva yeChipiri yePinic War . Pakutanga, madzitateguru eTrajan aibva kumusha weUmbrian weTuder. Nokudaro, ndiye akanga ari mambo wekutanga weRoma, uyo akabva kumhuri yechikoloni, uyo akabudirira zvakanakisisa mune imwe nzvimbo iri kure.

Baba vaTrajan pachavo vaiva gavhuna muSiriya. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mugore ra1976 ramangwana Kesari akabata basa remauto ikoko. Apo umambo hwacho hwakamutswa nekupandukira kwakaitwa naSaturnin, akanga atova mutungamiri weLegio uye akatora chikamu chekushingaira mukudzvinyirira mutezo. Muna 1991, Trajan akava mufundisi wekugovera kwake mukukundisa mutambudzi. Muna 97, akaitwa mutungamiri wemauto muUpper Germany, uko kwaiva nehondo yaigara iripo nevatorwa.

Mutori wenhaka

Mutungamiri weTrajan pachigaro choumambo, Emperor Nerva, nedzimwe gweta rezvedzidzo, akauya nehurongwa hwezvematongerwe enyika hwakapa kubudirira kwehurumende yeRoma kwezana remakore rakatevera. Zvisati zvadaro, simba muGuta Rokusingaperi rakapfuudzwa kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwanakomana, asi izvi zvaive nemitemo yakawanda, izvo zvakakonzera kupopotedzana kweVarindi nehondo nguva dzose. Nerva akaronga kuronga maererano nezvakaitwa naiye mambo ane simba akatsiva mutsigiri wake maererano nehuhu hwake hwake uye zvakakodzera. Muchigara uyu haagoni kunge ari hama ye mutongi. Nekuita kuti kuendeswa kwechigaro chepamutemo Nerva kuve netsika yekutora vatsigiri. Haana kuzengurira kwenguva yakareba nekutaura kwekugara nhaka.

Muna 97, yakakurumbira muuto Trajan, uyo akanga ari muGermany, akaziva kuti mambo wacho akasarudza kumubata. Nenguva isipi akazoshanda sangano reNerva. Uye vhiki shoma gare gare pakutanga kwe 98 yakazozivikanwa pamusoro perufu rwemambo. Traian akadzidza nezvemashoko aya muCologne. Kushamiswa kwevose vaaishamwaridzana navo nevakuru, mambo mutsva (zvakare akagamuchira zita re Princeps) haana kudzokera kuRoma, asi akagara paRhinini. Mumwe mutungamiri wemauto anotarisa akasarudza kusapedza nguva pamhemberero, asi pane kudaro akaenderera mberi kushanda kusimbisa muganhu.

Kutanga nechiitiko ichi chinoshamisa, kutonga kwaMambo Trajan kwakazova nguva yezuva rose reUmambo hweRoma. VaTsar vaifarira kutsigirwa kwepasi rose muuto, izvo zvakasimbiswa kutsigira simba rake. Shamwari mbiri huru neshamwari dzaTrajan vakanga vari vatungamiriri vake vehondo Julius Urs Servian naLucius Licinius Sura.

Pasina nguva apo munhu wekuItaly akazova mutongi, akabva atanga kuvaka kumanikidzwa kwemigwagwa pamiganhu kurutivi rwegungwa rakarurama reRhin uye pamwe neDanube kuGlack Sea. Muna 98 ne99, mambo Trajan akagadzirisa zvakare kuchengetedzwa kwemigwagwa yeRoma munzvimbo. Kukurumidza kwake kwaiva kwakarurama: pakati nepakati peDanube, hurumende yaityisidzirwa ne marcomannist nemamwe madzinza eGermany. Uye mushure mekusimbiswa kwekuchengeteka kwemiganhu, Traian akazodzokera kuRoma. Yaiva yevhu muna 1999.

Kurwisana naDebalbalus

Basa guru remauto ehurumende yeRoma munguva yeTrajan yakanga iri kurwisana nevaDacians - boka remarudzi eTracia aigara muRomania yemazuva ano. Muna 87 - 106 makore. Vanhu ava vanotonga Deczel. Pakati pevaRoma neveDaciya maiva nemagadzirirwo emiganhu. Mambo Trajan akatanga kuvaka mazano pamusoro peDanube zvakare kuti ave nemigwagwa yakakodzera yekurumidza kukurumidza kwemauto munzvimbo ino inokosha. Munguva yekukura kukuru kwemakakatanwa, anenge mazana masere mauto eRoma akaiswa muganhu naDacia.

Trajan akasarudza kuita chinhu chinonyadzisa, achitarisira kumisa kusimbiswa kwesimba raDebalbalus. Nzira yakadaro yaiva yeklasi yekudzidzira kweumambo. VaRoma havana kubvumira vavakidzani vakasimba vakazvikomberedza ivo, ndivo vaiva ivo vane zita rakakurumbira rokuti "Gurai nekukunda!". Nokudaro, kukundwa kwaDebalbalus kwaiva kuva chikonzero chekudzivirira chakakosha kuitira kuti humwe hukama huve hwakasimba hweumambo. Danube Yechezasi neCarpathians vakwezva Trajan zvakare nemashoko ehupfumi emari yakawanda yemaminerari.

The Dacian War

Muna 101, Senate yakazivisa hondo Decebalus. Mambo Trajan pachake akatungamirira hondo, akafamba rwendo rurefu. Musasa wake mukuru waiva Viminacia muUpper Moesia. Nekubatsirwa kwebhiriji yepontoon, mauto eRoma akayambuka Danube ndokuenda mukati maDacia. Mumakore ekutanga a1 101, vakarwisa musasa weDebalbal, uri munharaunda yakakurumbira yeSimbi Iron. Mutungamiri weDacian aifanira kudzokera kumakomo.

Apo vaRoma vakatanga kuenderera mberi muTransylvania, muvengi akapinda muAngland Moesia, achiendesa chikamu chehondo kuenda kuNyika Danube. MunaFebruary 102 hondo yakazara yeropa yemukana iwoyo yakaitika. NezveAdhamuklissi, mutengo wekurarama mauto mazana mana, mambo weRoma Trajan akakunda vaDacians. Mukukudzwa kwekukunda ikoko, mausoleum makuru, zvigadziko zvepamusoro uye aritari huru apo mazita evakafa akange akavezwa akavakwa munzvimbo yeSich.

Muna 102 Decebalus akagamuchira mamiriro ezvinhu akashata evaRoma. Akaendesa umambo kunyika dzose dzakabatanidzwa neuto rake, zvakakosha simba rayo muDacia, kupa zvombo zvombo zvehondo uye zvombo, zvakabudisa vose vanokanganisa uye vakaramba kutora maregionaries. Nekudaro, Decebal akava muzinda weRoma uye akatanga kuronga pamwe naye mutemo wake wokune imwe nyika. Mukukudza kwehondo yakakunda, venguva yake yakatanga kutumidza Trajan Duck. Muna December 102, aigara achiita mutambo wakakodzerwa.

Pasinei nokukundwa, Decebalus haana kuronga kupfugama pamberi peVaRoma. Kwemakore anoverengeka akanga achigadzirira kusangana patsva neumambo. Yakatanga mugore ra110. Mukupindura kwekurwiswa kwevaDacians kubva kuRome kuenda kuDanube, mamwe maitiro ekusimbisa akasvika (mauto 14 chete). Vakanga vanenge hafu yehondo yose yeumambo.

Hondo yakatevera yaivepo kusvikira pakuvhura kwe 106. Pamativi ose maviri, ainyanya kutyisa. Vakasununguka vakanyatsopikisa uye vakatopisa moto wavo, Sarmizegetusu. Pakuguma, Decebal akakundwa pakupedzisira, uye musoro wake wakagadziriswa semutambo wakatumirwa kuRoma, kwaive, maererano netsika yekare, yakakandirwa mumatope. MuDacia yakaparadzwa, Trajan akagadzira imwe nzvimbo yenyika.

Trajan Muvaki

Munhoroondo yekare kwaive nevashoma machinda, saka vaine shungu pakuvaka, saMambo Trajan. Nhoroondo shomanana yemutongi uyu inobatanidzwa nechitarisiko chezvivako zvekuvaka zvakawanda. Matongo evamwe vavo akapona kusvikira nhasi. Mushure mokukunda vaDacians, Trajan akarayira kuvaka kwebhujiro guru rebwe pamusoro peDanube. Munyori wekugadzira ndiye muumbi wekugadzira Apollodorus Damaski. Iri bhiriji refu remakiromita 1,2 rakamira pamatsigiti makumi maviri uye raiva rimwe rezvivakwa zvakanakisisa zvemazuva ayo.

Zvivako zvakawanda zvemazuva aTrajan zvakagamuchira zita rake (somuenzaniso, korona yakakurumbira yaMambo Trajan). Ichi chakakosha chakaonekwa pamusangano weRoma muna 113 gore. Yakanga yakagadzirwa mukurangarira kukundwa kwevaDacians. Nzvimbo yacho yakave yakakosha yeKarrara marble. Pamwe chete nechitsika, kureba kwacho kwakasvika mamita 38. Mukati megadziriro yakadzika yakaiswa shanje rinotungamirira kuruvara rwekuona. Vadzidzisi vaifukidza mutanda wacho nereliefs inoratidza zvikamu zvehondo yeDacian.

Kubvumirana kweNabataea

Muna 106, mambo Trajan, uyo ane tsanangudzo shoma inomiririra muenzaniso wemunhu asina kuparadzaniswa neuto, akatarisa kumabvazuva. Kwenguva yokutanga vaRoma vakashanyira Arabia mugore ra25, apo rwendo rweElia Gala rwakaenda ikoko. Trajan pachake aiziva kumabvazuva, sezvo akashanda muSiriya achiri muduku. Muvakidzani weumambo hwaiva Nabatea. Yaiva mugore iroro iyo kupesana kwakakonzerwa nekufa kwaMambo Rabile kwakatanga maari. Mhanho yakanyemwerera paumambo. VaRoma vakangotora nzvimbo iyo kubva Gulf of Aqaba kusvika Khauran. Munharaunda iyi yakaumbwa ruwa rweArabia, zvakananga pasi pevakurups.

Bhuku raMambo Trajan rinoratidza kuti akanga ane pfungwa yakadzika yepfungwa uye kungwara kweuchenjeri. Mumamiriro ekushanda kweNabataea, aitungamirirwa nekutengeserana uye zvematongerwe enyika. Umambo hwakabatwa hwakanga huri hudiki hwekupedzisira kumiganhu yekumabvazuva kweumambo. Kubviswa kwaita kwakaita kuti zviitike kudzivirira Ijipiti neSiria zvakanyanya kuvimbika kubva mukurwisana.

Sezvakaitwa Dacia muArabia pakarepo yakatanga kushanda nesimba. Kwakanga kune migwagwa, masvingo uye maitiro ekucherechedza. Basa ravo raiva rekudzora nzira dzevatengesi uye maoases mumuganhu wepakati. Guta guru renyika iyi raiva Batra, apo Trajan akatumira VI Iron Legion. Yechipiri inonyanya kukosha yaiva Petra. Guta iri rave rave richizivikanwa nekuda kwetemberi dzakanaka uye minda. Kuvandudzwa kwepurovhinzi kwakasimudzirwa nekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvisingawaniki zveIndia (muna 107 mamishinari eIndia akazosvika kuRoma).

Trajan-colonizer

Vaongorori vakadana nheyo yavo "ndiyo yakanakisisa mutongi Trajan." Zvechokwadi, basa rayo rinopararira rakapa simba rinoonekwa pakuvandudzwa kweumambo hwose. Pasi paTrajan, basa rekukoloni revaRoma rakasvika pakakwirira. Akatorawo kugadzirisa kweNorth Africa. Mugore ra100 iyo itsva yekoloni yakavakwa muNamidian Tamugadi, uko zvisati zvadaro kwaiva nehombodo yekare yePunjian.

Maguta akaonekwa munguva yeTrajan, akagamuchira shanduro yakafanana. Vakanga vane chimiro chakajeka chemasango. Pakati paiva nenzvimbo. Izvo zvinosungirwa kuti zvive zvekoloni yeRoma yaiva mafirimu, mabhuku ekuraira uye thermae (unhu hunokosha nebhasi dzevanhu). Vanochera matongo vemazuva ano vakadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemisha yakadaro, yakatangwa chaizvo muNorth Africa, sezvo matongo emaguta aya akanyatsochengetedzwa nekuda kwegungwa rerenje.

Dzimba yenzira

Kutanga kwekoloniyasi nehondo dzisiri kunze hazvina kureva kuti Trajan akanga asingabatanidzi munhau dzomukati. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekugadzikana kweumambo hwepanguva iyoyo ndiko kukwanisa kwayo kubata zvidzidzo zvese uye zvikamu zvevanhu vechiRoma. Chokutanga uye chakakosha, machinda akanga ane mafungiro akaipa kune seneti. "Pakutanga pakati pekuenzana" -kuti ndiMambo Trajan, maererano nemashoko ake ehurumende. Akakwanisa kuenzanisa kuzvikudza pazvakaitika kune zvevanhu.

Panguva imwe chete, pamwe neSeneti, Trajan aiva nerombo. Mukutungamira kwake Domitian akabvisa mumusangano uyu kushorwa pamberi pevanhu vekare veItaly neveRoma vemauto. Senate yakazara nevanhu vepurovhinzi - zvakafanana naTrajan pachake, uyo waive nyore nyore kubvumirana naye kupfuura nhengo dzemaguta makuru emaguta.

Nekuremekedza ma equites, mambo wacho akapfuurira mberi kwakatanga naDominitian. Iyi ropafadzo yekirasi yakaita basa rinokosha muhupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika hweRoma. Traian zvishoma nezvishoma yakavapa simba idzva. Nokudaro vatungamiri vemari nemitambo yeimba yepamambo vakapfuurira kuhutano. Mapoka makuru akawedzera mararamiro ehutungamiri ayo vatasvi vemabhiza vanogona kutora.

Kana ari vanhuwo zvavo, akakurumidza kudanana nemutongi akadaro saMambo Trajan. Nhoroondo shomanana yemurume akapfeka korona yakazadzwa nezvikamu, apo akapa zvipo zvinopiwa kune vanowanzoona panguva dzakasiyana-siyana. Vana vashoma zviuru zvinoremekedzwa vakapiwa mukana wekuwana zviyo zvakagoverwa. Pasi paTrjanjan muRome, mitambo nezvimwe zviitiko zvakakurumbira zvakakurumbira zvaigara zvichirongwa. Akaita zvakawanda kuti arege kuwana ruzha rwemudzvinyiriri, uyo vazhinji vevakatsiva vake vaisanganiswa. Paakagamuchira simba, mutongi akatadza kuparadza mitemo, maererano nezvakaitwa nevanhu nokuda kwokutuka mambo.

Armenian dispute

Mukurwisana nechekuita kwehutano hwemhuri inoshandiswa nekuvandudzika kwehupfumi hwehurumende, kumabvazuva, pasinei nezvose, zvakasara nzvimbo yakateverwa neTrajan. Mambo weRoma aiva nehanya nezviitiko zvose zvinokosha pamuganhu weAsia. Pane imwe nguva, chikonzero chekuzvidya mwoyo kwaTrajan chaiva Armenia. Izvo zvakaenzana zvakafanana neRoma neChiahia, pakati payo yakanga iripo. Muna 112, Partamazirid akagara pachigaro cheArmenian. Akagadzwa kuChihihian king Khosroi. Dambudziko nderokuti mambo mutsva akatsiva Aksidares - akatendeka vassal hweumambo.

Basa rakashushikana reChorosies rakatsamwisa Roma. Mambo Trajan pachake akanga asingagoni kubatsira kubata kwaari. Nzira dzinofadza pamusoro penyaya dzake dzomubvumirano dzinozivikanwa kune vanyori vezvakaitika kare vemazuva ano nekuda kwezvakachengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu uye zvikurukuru mutsamba yemakurukota ane munyori uye gweta Pliny Muduku. Pakutanga, mushure mekunge kukakavadzana kweArmenia kwakamuka, Trajan akaedza kutaurirana nemambo weChihihian. Khosroi akapfuurira, uye kukurudzirwa mumuromo kwakatungamirira pasina.

Ipapo Trajan akaenda kuAndiyoki. Yakanga iri yaJanuary 114th. Nokuda kwebasa reChihihi munharaunda yemuganhu, mhirizhonga yakatanga, asi vakaderera pakarepo mambo paakauya ikoko. Trajan, uyo mufananidzo wemabhasi ari mumabhuku ose pamusoro pezvakaitika kare, yaiva nhete, yakasimba uye yakanaka. Mukuwedzera, akanga ari mutauri akanaka uye akakwanisa kutungamirira vateereri. Pashure pokunyaradza pasi Andiyoki, Trajan akatungamirira hondo ndokuenda kuArmenia. Partamazirid, uyo akamubvuma, akasvibisa kubvisa korona yake, achitarisira kuita kuti vazive vaRoma. Chiratidzo chacho hachina kubatsira. Partamazirid yakanga isisina simba. Mushure mekuisa mari, akaedza kutiza. Parthian appointee akabatwa ndokuurayiwa.

Rufu

Muna 115, hondo neChiahia yakatanga. Pakutanga Trajan akaenda kuMesopotamiya, uko pasina kupikiswa kwakakosha akakunda vashandi veKhosran. Ipapo uto reRoma rakafamba nemiti miviri pasi pemvura yeYufratesi neTiger. Mauto eRoma akatora Bhabhironi uye guta guru rePartie Ctesiphon. Somugumisiro wehondo iyoyo, umambo hwakatora nyika itsva muMesopotamiya. Munharaunda iyi yakaumbwa ruwa rweAsiriya. Trajan akasvika kuPersian Gulf. Anofara nekubudirira kweuto, akatanga kuronga mushandirapamwe kuIndia.

Zvisinei, tariro yaMambo haina kumboitika. Pakukombwa kweKhatra akarwara zvikuru. Ndaifanira kudzokera kuAndiyoki. Ikoko, Trajan akawana chirwere chepoplexy, icho chakamuomesera chikamu. Mapurisa akafa musi waAugust 9, 117 muCilician guta reSelinus.

Chokwadi chinofadza

Trajan akasiya uchapupu hwakawanda hunoshamisa hwehupenyu hwake. Iyo mambo weRoma, chokwadi chinonakidza pamusoro pacho chakakonzera kunyorwa kwevanyori vezvinyorwa uye vanyori vezvinyorwa zvakasiyana, zvakanyatsoenderana nePliny Muduku. Tsamba yavo yakazova chiyeuchidzo chinokosha chemazuva iwayo. Kuvonga kwake, zvakava kuzivikanwa kuti Trajan, pasinei nevatungamiri vake, ainge aonekwa nekutenda kwevaKristu. Akarambidza zvisingazivikanwi zvinoshorwa zvekunyengedzwa kwekunyengedzera uye kusabvisa kurangwa kune avo vakange vakagadzirira kuti varambe vachirega chitendero chavo.

Kune vanhuwo zvavo, Trajan akava mufananidzo we rudo neruramisiro. Apo mambo akaenderera mberi kumushandirapamwe kuenda kuDacia pamasuwo eguta rake guru, mukadzi wechidiki wechiRoma akamubata. Akakumbira Trajan kuti abatsire kuponesa mwanakomana wake uyo akanga atongerwa nhema nekuda kwecherochera. Ipapo gavhuna akarega hondo. Akaenda kudare redzimhosva, akawana kururamiswa kwemwanakomana wake uye shure kweizvozvo izvo zvakaramba zvichienderera mberi.

Curious uye Trajan kuti ukama Seneti. Electors kazhinji kushandisa mapiritsi aiendeswa kuvhota chakavanzika, majee uye kutukwa. maitiro ichi akapa mambo yakawanda zvinokunetsa. Episode nezviratidzo rinonyatsoratidza kuti nzvimbo ine Seneta pasi Trajan vake chinokudza zvose vasina enyika kunyanya kukosha.