Izvozvo zvinourayiwa zvinokonzerwa neUSSR: mazita, biographies

Nhoroondo yeastronautics, nhamo, yakazadza kwete kungofanana chete, asiwo kuwira kunotyisa. Nyanzvi dzakafa, kwete dombo rakagadzirwa kana kuputika makomboti, njodzi dzinokanganisa - izvi zvose zvakarewo pfuma yedu, uye kukanganwa pamusoro peizvi zvinoreva kubvisa kubva munhoroondo avo vose vakaisa upenyu hwavo pangozi nekuda kwekufambira mberi, sayenzi uye ramangwana riri nani. Izvo pamusoro pevarwi vakakundwa veSoviet cosmonautics yatichazotaura pamusoro apa munyaya ino.

Astronautics muUSSR

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi20, kubhururuka munzvimbo yakaita sechinhu chakanakidza zvakakwana. Asi kare muna 1903 K. Tsiolkovsky vakataura pfungwa yekubhururuka munzvimbo panzvimbo yedombo. Kubvira panguva iyo, astronautics inoberekwa nenzira iyo yatinoziva nayo nhasi.

MuUnited States muna 1933 reReactive Institute (RNII) yakagadzirirwa kudzidza jet movement. Uye muna 1946 basa rakabatana ne rocketry rakatanga.

Kunyange zvakadaro, munhu asati atanga kukunda kukwezva kwePasi uye akazviwana ari mudenga, zvakatora makore nemakore. Usakanganwa pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvinodhura hupenyu hwevateri. Chokutanga pane zvose, izvi ndezvakafa zvitema zveSUSR. Maererano nehupfumi data, kune vashanu chete avo, kusanganisira Yuri Gagarin, uyo, chaizvoizvo, haana kufa mudenga, asi paakadzokera kuNyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, astronaut akafirawo mukati mekuedzwa, kuva mutyairi wemauto, izvo zvinotibvumira kumubatanidza mune runyorwa rwakataurwa pano.

Komarov

Soviet cosmonauts, avo vakafira mudenga, vakaita basa risingaenzaniswi mukuvandudza kwenyika yavo. Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, mutyairi wemakona uye injini-colonel, akapiwa musoro weHero weSoviet Union. Akazvarwa muMoscow musi waApril 14, 1927. Akanga ari chikamu chevashandi vekutanga vesimbiki munhoroondo yepasi uye aiva mutungamiriri wake. Kaviri ndakashanyira nzvimbo.

Muna 1943, ramangwana rakapedza chikoro chemakore manomwe, ndokubva apinda chikoro cheSouth Force, achida kuziva basa remufambisi. Akapedza kudzidza muna 1945, ndokubva apinda kuma cadet eSasovo Aviation School. Uye mugore irorochete akanyoresa kuBorisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School.

Mushure mekunge apedza kudzidza muna 1949, Komarov akapinda mubasa rechiuto mu Air Force, achiva mutyairi wechirwere. Boka rake raiva muGrozny. Pano akasangana na Valentina, mudzidzisi wechikoro uyo akava mudzimai wake. Nenguva isipi Vladimir Mikhailovich akazova mutyairi mukuru, uye muna 1959 akapedza kudzidza kubva ku Air Force Academy ndokugamuchira kugoverwa mu Air Force Research Institute. Iko kwaiva pano iyo yakasarudzwa kumusasa wekutanga wekodemonaut.

Flying in space

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo wekuti vafudzi vakawanda vanofa sei, tinofanira kutanga tanyatsonzwisisa nheyo dzezvikepe.

Saka, kukwira kwokutanga kweKomarov kunzvimbo kwakaitika pachiteshi chenguva "Voskhod" musi waOctober 12, 1964. Iyi ndiyo yaiva yenhamba yekutanga yenyika yakawanda: vashandi vaisanganisira chiremba uye injini. Kubhururuka kwakapedza maawa makumi maviri nemana uye kwakaguma nekubudirira kunogara.

Rwendo rwechipiri nekupedzisira rweKomarov rwakaitwa usiku hweApril 23-24, 1967. Anstronaut akafa panguva yekupedzwa kwendiza: panguva yekudzika iyo parachute huru yaisashanda, uye mitsara yegadziro yakakanganiswa pamusana pekufambisa kwakasimba kwezvigadzirwa. Ngarava yakabatana nevhu ndokubata moto. Saka nemhaka yematambudziko anouraya, Vladimir Komarov akafa. Iye ndiye wokutanga wezvisikwa zveUSSR akaurayiwa. Mukukudzwa kwake chivakwa chakavakwa muNizhny Novgorod uye mubhuna webhandi kuMoscow.

Gagarin

Icho chakanga chiri chese cosmonauts yakafa pamberi peGagarin, maererano nehurumende. Ichocho ndechokuti, muzvokwadi, chete imwe nyanzvi yakafa yakafa pamberi peGagarin muU.SR. Zvisinei, Gagarin ndiye anozivikanwa zvikuru Soviet cosmonaut.

Yuri Alekseevich, aSoviet pilot-cosmonaut, akaberekwa musi waMarch 9, 1934. Ucheche hwake hwakapedzwa mumusha weKashino. Akaenda kuchikoro muna 1941, asi maGermany mauto akapinda mumusha, uye chidzidzo chacho chakavhiringidzika. Uye muimba yemhuri yeGagarins, varume veSSS vakaronga musangano, vachityaira varidzi kunze kwegwagwa. Muna 1943 chete musha wakasunungurwa, uye dzidzo dzaYuri dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi.

Ipapo Gagarin akapinda muSaratov Technical School muna 1951, kwaakatanga kupinda kune aeroclub. Muna 1955, akanyorerwa muuto uye akatumirwa kuchikoro chebhazi. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza, akashanda mu Air Force uye muna 1959 akafamba anenge maawa 265. Akagamuchira zita rechiuto chechiuto chekirasi yechitatu uye chikwata chevakuru vakuru venhema.

Kutamba kwokutanga uye rufu

Vafudzi vevakafa vakafa - vanhu vainyatsoziva ngozi yavari kutora, asi zvakadaro haina kuvadzivisa. Nokudaro Gagarin, munhu wokutanga ave ari mudenga, akaisa upenyu hwake pangozi asati asvika munyanzvi.

Zvisinei, haana kushaya mukana wekuti ave wekutanga. Aprili 12, 1961 Gagarin akaita ndege pamusoro pedombo re "Vostok" munzvimbo inobva kuBaikonur. Nhandare yacho yakatora maminitsi 108 uye yakaguma nekubudirira kwekugara pedyo neguta reIn Engels (Saratov region). Uye raiva zuva ranhasi rakazova renyika yose zuva reAstronautics, iro rinopembererwa nhasi.

Kune nyika yose, kufamba kwekutanga kwaive chiitiko chinoshamisa, uye mutyairi akazviita nokukurumidza akazivikanwa. Gagarin akashanyira nekukoka kune dzimwe nyika makumi matatu. Makore anotevera mushure mokunge ndege yacho ichinyorwa kune cosmonaut kuburikidza nekushanda kwevanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika.

Asi munguva pfupi Gagarin akadzokazve kune nhare ye ndege. Ichi chisarudzo chakanga chakaipa kwaari. Uye muna 1968, musi waMarch 27, akafira panguva yekudzidzira ndege mumhuri yeMIG-15 ye UTI. Zvinokonzera njodzi hazvisati zvazivikanwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vazive vakarasika havazombokanganwi nenyika yavo. Pazuva rekufa kwaGagarin, kuchema kwakaziviswa munyika. Gare gare, mune dzimwe nyika, zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavakwa kune wekutanga cosmonaut.

Volkov

Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov is soviet cosmonaut. Akazvarwa muMoscow muna 1935, musi waNovember 23.

Zuva remangwana rakapedza chikoro kubva kuMoscow chikoro Nha. 201 muna 1953, mushure mokunge akapinda maMaI uye akagamuchira unyanzvi hweanjiniya-electromechanic akabatanidzwa mumaroketeti. Inouya kuzoshanda muKi Queen Queen uye inobatsira mukusika kwekombiyuta yekona. Panguva imwecheteyo, anotanga kupinda misangano yevatyairi-vatambi muKolomenskoye inobhururuka.

Muna 1966, Volkov akava nhengo yeuto re cosmonaut, uye makore matatu gare gare akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga kune Soyuz-7 semuchina wezvikepe. Kubhururuka kwemazuva mana, maawa makumi maviri nemaviri nemaminitsi makumi mana. Muna 1971, pakanga paine chikwata chechipiri uye chekupedzisira chaVolkov, umo maakaita seanjiniya. Kuwedzera kune Vladislav Nikolayevich, boka racho raisanganisira Patsayev naDobrovolsky, izvo tichakurukura pasi apa. Paakakwira chikepe, pakanga paine kuora mwoyo, uye vose vaitora mubhazi racho vakafa. Zvimedu zvakasviba zveUSSR zvakapiswa, uye madota avo akaiswa murusvingo rweKremlin.

Dobrovolsky

Georgii Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, watakambotaura pamusoro apa, akaberekerwa muOdessa muna 1928, musi waJune 1. Pilot, cosmonaut uye air air force colonel, mushure mekunge vakapa chikamu cheHero yeSoviet Union.

Munguva yehondo, akanga ari munharaunda yaiva nevakuru veRomania uye akasungwa nekuda kwezvombo zvehondo. Nokuda kwemhosva yaakatongerwa makore 25 mujeri, asi vagari vomunharaunda vakakwanisa kumudzikinura. Uye mushure meHondo yeGreat Patriotic, Georgy Dobrovolsky anoenda kuOdessa Air Force School. Panguva iyoyo, akanga asati aziva kuti chii chaizoitika kwaari. Zvisinei, cosmonauts akafira mudenga, sevatyairi, vari kugadzirira kufa mberi.

Muna 1948, Dobrovolsky akava mudzidzi mune chikoro chechiuto muChuguevsk, uye makore maviri gare gare akatanga kushanda muMweya WekuAmerica. Panguva yebasa racho akakwanisa kupedza kudzidza kubva kuChikemy of Air Force. Uye muna 1963 akazova nhengo yeuto re cosmonaut.

Kuenda kwake kwokutanga uye kokupedzisira kwakatanga musi waJune 6, 1971 muchikepe Soyuz-11 semukuru. Vadzidzi vekudenga vakashanyira nzvimbo yepamusoro "Solyut-1", kwavakaitisa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezesayenzi. Asi panguva yekudzokera kuPasi, kwaiva, sezvataurwa pamusoro, kushushikana.

Mamiriro emhuri nemubairo

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemasikirati haasi chete ma heroes enyika yavo, avo vakapa hupenyu hwavo nekuda kwavo, asiwo vanakomana vavo, varume nebaba. Mushure mokufa kwaGeorge Dobrovolsky, vanasikana vake vaviri Marina (akaberekwa muna 1960) naNatalia (vakaberekwa muna 1967) vaiva nherera. Mumwe akaramba ari chirikadzi yemhare, Lyudmila Stebleva, mudzidzisi wechikoro chesekondari. Uye kana mwanasikana wekutanga akakwanisa kuyeuka baba vake, muduku, uyo aingova nemakore mana chete panguva yekuputsika kwe capsule, haaimuzivi zvachose.

Mukuwedzera kune musoro weHerod of the Soviet Union, Dobrovolsky akapiwa Mutemo waLenin (pashure pacho), Golden Star, uye Medal yeMerit Milit. Mukuwedzera, zita re cosmonaut rainzi nyika Nhamba ye1789, yakawanikwa muna 1977, mhepo yezuva uye ngarava yekutsvakurudza.

Uyewo kusvikira nhasi, kubvira muna 1972, pane tsika yekutamba Dobrovolsky Cup, iyo inopiwa mukana wepamusoro pa trampoline.

Patsayev

Saka, tichienderera mberi kupindura mubvunzo wekuti vangani venyeredzi vakafa mudenga, tinoenderera kune Hero inotevera yeClusive Union. Victor Ivanovich Patsayev akaberekerwa muAktyubinsk (Kazakhstan) muna 1933, musi waJune 19. Murume uyu anozivikanwa nokuda kwekuti ndiye wokutanga cosmonaut munyika kuti ashande kunze kweMhepo yepanyika. Akafa pamwe naDobrovolsky naVolkov, vataurwa pamusoro apa.

Baba Victor vakawira pakurwa muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Uye mushure mehondo mhuri yakamanikidzwa kuenda kunharaunda yeKaliningrad, uko cosmonaut yemberi yakatanga kuenda kuchikoro. Sezvo hanzvadzi yake yakanyora mumitemo, nzvimbo yacho yakatanga kufarira Viktor kunyange ipapo - akawana "Rwendo Kumwedzi" naK. Tsiolkovsky.

Muna 1950, Patsayev akapinda muPenza Industrial Institute, iyo inoguma, uye inotumirwa kuCentral Aerological Observatory. Pano anotora chikamu pakuvaka meteorological makomboti.

Uye muna 1958 Viktor Ivanovich akatamirwa kuKi Queen Queen, muDhipatimendi yekugadzira. Paiva pano apo vakafa veSoviet cosmonauts vakasangana (Volkov, Dobrovolsky naPatsayev). Zvisinei, mumakore gumi chete muchengeti wemakona ekumabvazuva achaumbwa, anonzi Patsayev. Kudzidziswa kwake kuchagara kwemakore matatu. Zvinosuruvarisa, kufamba kwekutanga kwe cosmonaut kuchaguma nematambudziko uye rufu rwevashandi vose.

Ndedzipi vafudzi vanofa mudenga?

Mubvunzo uyu haugone kupiwa mhinduro isina kufanira. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mamwe ezvinyorwa pane nzvimbo dzekufamba ndege dzinoramba dzichinyorwa kusvika nhasi. Iko kune mafungiro akawanda uye mafungiro, asi hapana munhu ane uchapupu hwakakwana.

Kana zviri zvemashoko ehurumende, nhamba yevakafa vakafa uye vanogadzira mhepo munyika dzose inenge vanhu vanenge 170. Izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa, zvechokwadi, ndevamiriri veSoviet Union neUnited States. Pakati pevaya vekupedzisira vanonzi Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Judith Reznik (mumwe wevadzidzi vekutanga vevadzidzi), Ronald McNair.

Zvimwe zviitiko

Kana iwe unofarira zvikafu zvakarasika zveRussia, panguva yavasipo. Kwete kamwe kubva pakwakoromoka kweU.SR uye kuumbwa kweRussia sehurumende yakasiyana haina kuziviswa mhosva imwe chete yekuputsika kwechikwata chechikepe uye rufu rwevashandi vayo.

Munyaya yose iyi, takataura pamusoro peavo vakafira zvakananga munzvimbo, asi isu hatigoni kufuratira avo vanogadzira mhepo vasina kumbokwanisa kufamba. Rufu rwakavawira paPasi.

Uyu aiva Valentin Vasilievich Bondarenko, uyo akanga ari nhengo yeboka rekutanga re cosmonauts uye akafa panguva yekurovedza. Panguva yaaigara muimba yegungwa, apo cosmonaut yaifanira kuva yoga kwemazuva anenge gumi, yakakanganisa. Akasunungura ma sensor, achitaura pamusoro pemabasa anokosha, kubva mumuviri uye akadzipukuta nekotoni mvere yakanyorowa doro, ndokubva yarasa. Iyo swabhota yekotoni yakasvika mumhepo inopisa sitofu yemagetsi, iyo yakaunza moto. Apo kamera yakavhurwa, astronaut akanga achiri mupenyu, asi mushure memaawa masere akafira muBotkin Hospital. Izvo zvitema zvakasviba pamberi peGagarin, saka, zvinosanganisira mukugadzirwa kwavo mumwe munhu mumwe.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Bondarenko acharamba ari muchiyeuchidzo chezvizvarwa pamwe nevamwe vafudzi vanofa.