Hypotheses nezvemavambo Pasi. Mabviro mapuraneti

Mubvunzo kwakabva Earth, mapuraneti uye zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri rose hanya nevanhu kubvira kare. Ngano pamusoro kwakatangira Dzenyika kunogona kurondwa mune marudzi akawanda ekare. Chinese, vaIjipiti, sevaSumer, vaGiriki vaiva yavo nepfungwa paumbwe nyika. Pakutanga yaitonga dzedu, avo mano maonero yakatsiva yechitendero dzidziso kuti brooked hapana zvaaitaura. In Ages Europe, kuedza kuwana chokwadi dzimwe nguva dzakaguma moto Raibvunzurudza. Tsanangudzo dambudziko rokutanga masayendisiti inotaura chete XVIII remakore. Kunyange iye zvino, hapana mavambo chete pfungwa Nyika, iyo inopa nzvimbo zvakawanwa itsva uye zvokudya kuongorora pfungwa.

yekare mungano

Man - a kuva vanoda kuziva. Kubvira kare, vanhu vakasiyana nemhuka kwete chete nechido yokupukunyuka mune utsinye munyika dzesango, asi kuedza kurinzwisisa. Kuziva zvachose ukuru pamusoro masimba pacharo, vanhu vakatanga disisa kwemasayendisiti. Kakawanda, zviri vagari denga irimo pamwe pakusikwa kwenyika.

Ngano kwavakabva Dzenyika dzakasiyana makona nyika vaiva yakasiyana mumwe. Maererano nezvinodavirwa vaIjipiti vekare, izvozvo vakarangana kubva mazai matsvene, sleplennogo mwari Khnum zvavo nevhu. Maererano nezvinodavirwa nevanhu pachitsuwa, nyika vamwari hove kubva mugungwa.

mhirizhonga dzidziso

Tinouya pedyo yekare kuvaGiriki yesayenzi yechokwadi. Mupfungwa dzavo, kuzvarwa Pasi aiva primordial Tobira, azadzwa musanganiswa mvura, nyika, moto uye mhepo. Izvi zvinonyatsoenderana nemashoko zvesayenzi dzidziso kwakabva Pasi postulates. Mixed zvinhu randomly zvayaitenderera paguyo, richizadza zvose. Asi pane imwe nguva, kubva pakadzika primordial nyonganyonga akaberekwa Pasi - mwarikadzi GAIA, uye shamwari yake nokusingaperi, denga - mwari Uranus. Pamwe chete, vakazadza upenyu penzvimbo zvakasiyana-siyana.

Zvakafanana ngano yakaumbwa China. Mhirizhonga iri Hun-tun, akazadzwa okunze shanu - huni, simbi, pasi, moto uye mvura - yodzoka chairatidzika zai pamusoro dzakadururwa zvose, asi hamuna kuberekwa ari mwari Pan gu. Mukai, akawana zvakamupoteredza upenyu inongova rima. Uye chokwadi kuti akanga kwazvo. Kuunganidza simba rake, mwari Pan gu zvikanganiso goko ari zai-mhirizhonga, muchisunungura misimboti maviri: Yin uye Yang. The rinorema Yin wakadzima kuumba pasi, chiedza uye nyore Yang akabhururuka skyward, achiumba denga.

Kirasi dzidziso paumbwe Pasi

Mabviro mapuraneti, uye kunyanya pasi, masayendisiti ano akadzidza zvakakwana. Asi pane vakawanda dzinokosha (zvakadai sezvakaita apo mvura), zvichikonzera vaitirane nharo. Naizvozvo, yakavepo sayenzi zvakasikwa, mumwe mutsva kuwanikwa anova chivakwa nechigumbuso iri nheyo dzenyika mavambo pfungwa.

The akakurumbira musayendisiti Soviet Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka Polar Research, akaita dzikarongwa yose yaida hypotheses uye kubatanidzwa vave nemakirasi matatu. Chokutanga ndivo dzidziso inobva uchapupu pakati paumbwe zuva, mapuraneti, kwemwedzi uye comets kubva chete zvinhu (nebulae). Zvinonzi anozivikanwa Voitkevich pfungwa, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov zvimbambaira ichangobva rakadzokororwa, Sobotovich nemamwe masayendisiti.

Kirasi wechipiri anosanganisa pfungwa maererano iyo mapuraneti dzakaumbwa zvakananga kubva zuva nyaya. Ndiwo mavambo Pasi pfungwa nemasayendisiti Jeans Jeffreys Multona uye Chamberlin, Buffon nevamwe.

Uye pakupedzisira, kirasi wechitatu unosanganisira dzidziso, kwete kubatanidza zuva uye nemapuraneti zvakafanana mavambo. The yakakurumbira pfungwa pamusoro Schmidt. Ngatikurukurei hunhu mukirasi imwe neimwe.

Kant kwakaita pfungwa

Muna 1755 yokuGermany muzivi Kant, kwakabva Pasi vanorondedzerwa zvishoma sezvinotevera: kwokutanga muchadenga zvinosanganisira munhu mira guruva tudonhwe densities siyana. Giravhiti vakauya kufamba kwavo. Kwakaitika akanamatira kuti mumwe (accretion maturo), pakupedzisira zvinoguma clot inotungamirwa nechepakati kupisa - zuva. Uyezve PARTICIPLE kwemotokari kutungamirira vachishandisa kutenderera zuva, uye nawo guruva gore.

In yokupedzisira zvishoma nezvishoma kuumbwa vakaparadzana Masvinga fuma - tuvana mapuraneti ramangwana pakavakirwa redunhu inoumbwa satellites akadaro. Hunovapo nenzira iyi Nyika pakutanga ivepo zvaiita chando.

Laplace maonero

muongorori wenyeredzi wokuFrance uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Laplace zvinganaka imwe siyanei shanduro, rinotsanangura yakatangira Nyika yedu nedzimwe. The renzou, yake mafungiro, aumba kubva inopisa gaseous nebula neboka nezvimedu pakati. Iye vakakosa uye compressed pasi pokudzora regiravhiti. Pamusoro mberi kutonhora, pasi rotational kumhanya ari nebula akakura pamusoro arikunze payo akasvuura kure zvindori izvo Zvaparara pamusoro mapuraneti prototypes ramangwana. Wokupedzisira danho iri kutanga inopisa gasi anomirirwa balls kuti zvishoma nezvishoma haachandidi uye Rakasimbisa.

Kusava Kant uye Laplace kwakaita pfungwa

Pfungwa pamusoro Kant uye Laplace, achitsanangura nezvekwakabva Nyika, vakanga kuzivikanwa vari cosmogony kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore. Uye akaita mberi nebasa, kushanda sezvo nheyo nesayenzi, kunyanya zvemaumbirwo. The chikuru drawback ndiyo kutadza kwakaita hypotheses kutsanangura kuparadzirwa mukati zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya (CDM).

MKP kunotsanangurwa so zvibereko uremu chinhambwe kubva pakati hurongwa wayo rotational nokukurumidza. Zvechokwadi, inobva chokwadi chokuti zuva ane vanopfuura 90% of zvachose gobvu wegadziriro, inofanira kuva mukuru uye CDM. Kutaura zvazviri, Sun ane 2 chete% of zvachose CDM chete nyika, kunyanya hofori, takaberekwa tine dzasara 98%.

pfungwa Fesenkov

kupokana ichi vari Kuma1960 akaedza kutsanangura Soviet musayendisiti Fesenko. Maererano shanduro yake kwakabva Pasi, zuva pamwe mapuraneti vakanga inoumbwa compression pakati hofori nebula - ". Globules" Nebula aiva sparse chaizvo jira anoumbwa ainyanya kuti hydrogen nehelium uye shoma inorema zvinhu. Pasi simba regiravhiti pakati nyeredzi serin'i globules yakaonekwa thickening - zuva. Chinhu nokukurumidza kugadzira. Somugumisiro dzidziso yacho gwenya fuma kupinda akapoteredza gasi-guruva ezvinhu, choutsi zvinhu vakatakura neapo. Izvi zvakaita kuti kufirwa kwayo uremu uye zuva giya mapuraneti wakasika chikamu chikuru MCR. Inotungamirwa Mapuraneti dzaidzidziswa accretion nebula.

Dzidziso Multona uye Chamberlin

Vanotsvakurudza US Multon nyanzvi uye geologist Chamberlin zvinganaka yakafanana pfungwa nezvekwakabva Pasi uye zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri, maererano iyo mapuraneti aumba kubva zvokunyama gasi matavi spirals, "muedzo" kwezuva zvisingazivikanwi nyeredzi, kwakaitika pedyo zvakakwana naye.

Masayendisiti ave kwakamboitwa cosmogony iri yokuti "planetesimal" - mumwe clot yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa magasi kubva yepakutanga fuma dzakazova Tuvana Mapuraneti uye asteroids.

kutonga Jeans

British astrophysicist J. Jeans (1919) yakati kuti kusvika kwezuva nomumwe nyeredzi rokupedzisira akadhonza fodya-zvakaumbwa protrusion, iyo gare gare vakarambana akakwidzwa yoga Masvinga. Uye kubva pakati mukobvu mugove "fodya" mapuraneti hombe kuumbwa, uye pamusoro kumicheto - diki.

pfungwa Schmidt

Munyaya yokutanga nemaonero muna 1944, Schmidt akaratidza kwakabva Earth dzidziso. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvo meteorite pfungwa, zvino miviri uye mathematically makateyiwa vadzidzi yaiva yakakurumbira musayendisiti. By panzira, pfungwa yacho paumbwe Sun hakunganzi dambudziko.

Maererano dzidziso, zuva rimwe ayo zvokukura kukura akabatwa (kudhonzwa naye) inotonhorera gasi-guruva Gore meteoric. Asati kuti vapiwe gore CDM vashoma ari zvayaitenderera paguyo pamwero chinokosha. Mune simba regiravhiti munda zuva rakatanga Kusiyanisa meteor gore gobvu, arambe achirema uye kukura. Chikamu meteoritic zvinhu akauya chiedza, vamwe, somugumisiro accretion pezvakaitwa kuti zvinoumba clots-Tuvana Mapuraneti vavo satellites.

In pfungwa iyi, kwakabva uye kukura Nyika, zvisinei matambudziko ari "mhepo rezuva" - solar nemwaranzi kumanikidzwa, kuti haukwezvi chiedza gasi kuurongwa arikunze ari renzou. Saka akaumba Pasi aiva muviri kuchitonhora. Uyezve kwepasi chokuita radiogenic kupisa, rinokweva Kusiyanisa uye mamwe manyuko yomunyika simba panyika. The guru drawback pfungwa vaongorori vanodavira zuva yakaderera chaizvo ndingangokuvara kubatwa uyu meteor gore.

Zvekungofungira mumigodhi uye Sobotovich

History chakangomuka Earth vachiri excites masayendisiti. Tichishandisa ichangopfuura (muna 1984) uye E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich akapa yayo shanduro kwakabva mapuraneti uye zuva. Maererano maonero, kutanga pezvakaitwa vari gasi-guruva gore aigona kuva pedyo supernova kuputika. Zvakazoitika, maererano vaongorori, vaiva sezvinotevera:

1. Under kubata kuputika dzakatanga compression pamusoro nebula uye paumbwe nechepakati boka - zuva.
2. Sun zvichiitika kubva IRAs akatamisa mapuraneti remagetsi kana convective mhirizhonga-ne.
3. Akatanga kuumba hofori zvindori chakatodzana Saturn mhete.
4. Somugumisiro ari accretion zvinhu zvindori kutanga akazviratidza planetesimals ipapo kuumbwa munyika yanhasi.

Kushanduka rose akatora nzvimbo nokukurumidza - mukati mumakore anenge mamiriyoni 600.

Paumbwe mamiriro paNyika

Pane akasiyana kunzwisisa kutevedzana kwezviitiko paumbwe kati redu. Maererano nomumwe wavo, Protoearth yaimirira unsorted conglomerate simbi-silicate zvinhu. Mune ramangwana, somugumisiro regiravhiti kuparadzana kwakaitika pamusoro yesimbi chinoumba nejasi silicate - kutanga homogeneous accretion. Vatsigiri heterogeneous accretion vanodavira kuti chokutanga refractory yave vaunganidza simbi chinoumba, ipapo kuitevedzera zvikuru fusible silicate inoramba.

Zvichienderana kugadzirisa chinetso ichi tinogona kutaura kukura kwakaita kutanga Kudziya Nyika. Zvechokwadi, pakarepo pashure ayo inotungamirwa nyika yakatanga vakuchidzire somugumisiro kwemajoini kuitwa zvinoverengeka:

• Planetesimals bombardment pamusoro pemvura yaro, iyo Akaperekedzwa Kushanduka nokupisa.
• Kuora pamusoro radioactive isotopes, kusanganisira alumina pfupi akararama isotopes pamusoro ayodhini, plutonium uye nevamwe.
• Rinokweva subsoil Kusiyanisa (kana tichifungidzira munhu homogeneous accretion).

Maererano nedzimwe nevaongorori, panguva ino mangwanani padanho nyika inotungamirwa zvokunze zvikamu zvinogona kuva mumamiriro ezvinhu pedyo uchanyangadika. The Photo Pasi taitsvaka sezvinoita dzvuku inopisa bhora.

The marwadzo dzidziso paumbwe makondinendi

Mumwe hypotheses yaigara makondinendi yokutanga yakanga The marwadzo, umo chivakwa gomo chokuita kuti kutonhora Pasi uye rutapudzo kwayo nharaunda. Kuti nheyo yokutanga Geological zvidzidzo. On kwayo hwaro pamusoro yeAustria geologist E. Suess synthesize zvose zviripo panguva ruzivo nemamiriro goko paNyika ari monograph "The Face Nyika". Asi panguva pakuguma XIX remakore. pane uchapupu hwokuti pane chikamu chimwe pasi goko iri compressed mune dzimwe - kutambanuka. The marwadzo dzidziso pakupedzisira rakabhuroka pashure kuwanikwa radioactivity uye kuvapo goko paNyika huru inventories pamusoro radioactive zvinhu.

Continental vasakukurwa

Mukutanga rechimakumi maviri remakore. hwava pfungwa pamusoro Continental vasakukurwa. Masayendisiti refu wakacherechedza kufanana coastlines yeSouth America uye Africa, Africa uye muArabhia Peninsula, reIndia uye Africa, uye vamwe. Chokutanga akaenzanisa date Pilligrini (1858), gare gare Bihanov. Pfungwa Continental vasakukurwa yakanga akagadzira ne American Vanodzidza Taylor uye Baker (1910) uye German geophysicist uye meteorologist Wegener (1912). Last dzatinogona pfungwa iyi monograph yake "The Origin of mumakondinendi uye makungwa", yakabudiswa muna 1915. The nharo kuti akanga akanyorwa mukutsigira pfungwa iyi:

• The kufanana hurukuro pakati makondinendi kumativi maviri Atlantic, uyewo makondinendi inoganhurana kuIndian Ocean.
• Structural Kufanana kuti pedyo makondinendi Geological zvikamu zviri Late Paleozoic uye Early Mesozoic matombo.
• The zvisaririra zvemhuka zvasara nemhuka, izvo zvinoratidza kuti nemiti vekare uye Fauna of kumaodzanyemba makondinendi vakaumba chete boka: riri kunyanya kunooneka zvisaririra zvemhuka zvasara dinosaurs lystrosaurus mhando kuwanikwa Africa, India uye Antarctica.
• Paleoclimatic date: somuenzaniso, kuvapo tichingoda Late echando viomak.

Paumbwe goko paNyika

The nezvekutanga Nyika iri zvakabatana chaizvo kuti chivakwa gomo. Wegener vakati makondinendi akaumbwa tichishandisa chiedza chicherwa makore, sokunge vari akayangarara pamusoro runotikurudzira rinorema mapurasitiki zvinhu basalt mubhedha. Zvinofungirwa kuti wokutanga mutete paiva granitic zvinhu zvichipomerwa akafukidza yose Earth. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kuvimbika kwake hwakavhiringidzwa kubudikidza naTidhari masimba okutorwa Romwedzi uye Sun kuita pamusoro pemvura nyika kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira, uyewo Centrifugal mauto kubva kutenderera Nyika, bata kubva matanda kusvikira neequator.

Granite (anofungidzirwa) aiva chete supercontinent, Pangea. Waivapo kusvikira pakati iri Mesozoic yaitonga uye rakabhuroka ari Jurassic munguva. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi yaiva kwakabva Pasi musayendisiti Staub. Zvino paiva Kubatanidzwa makondinendi kuchamhembe hemisphere - Laurasia, uye mubatanidzwa makondinendi kumaodzanyemba hemisphere - Gondwana. Pakati pavo vakanga vavharirwa pamatombo Pacific Ocean paburiro. Pasi makondinendi overlie negungwa magma mavakanga ichifamba. Laurasia uye Gondwana vakatamira rhythmically kune neequator, ipapo matanda. Kana kutamira neequator supercontinent frontally compressed, nokudaro kungoita pachiuno Pacific vakawanda. Geological izvi pezvakaitwa zhinji funga huru zvinhu zvinoumba guru neeSultan gomo. Sangano kurutivi neequator zvakaitika katatu, panguva Caledonian, Hercynian uye Alpine orogeny.

mhedziso

On nyaya paumbwe zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri yakabereka zvizhinji vasiri ingano, mabhuku evana, unyanzvi mabhuku. Mabviro Nyika vana vari nyore anorondedzerwa mabhuku. Asi kana iwe utore mabhuku makore 50 apfuura, zviri pachena kuti zvimwe zvinetso masayendisiti uno akatarira mumwe nzira. Cosmology, zvemaumbirwo sayenzi chokuita havasi akamira. Nemhaka kukunda Earth nzvimbo vanhu munotoziva pazvinoonekwa mufananidzo Pasi kubva muchadenga. New ruzivo pave kunzwisisa matsva mitemo wezvose.

Zviri pachena kuti kusikwa yepakutanga mhirizhonga Nyika, Sun uye mapuraneti vaiita mauto simba rezvakasikwa. Hazvishamisi kuti madzitateguru vekare kuenzanisa pamwechete nebudiriro Gods. Kunyange yokufananidzira zvisingaiti kufungidzira kwakabva Pasi, mifananidzo chokwadi angangodaro kupfuura kupfuura ushingiwo muchimuka. Asi nematomhu ezivo inounganidzwa nokuda nemasayendisiti, zvishoma nezvishoma vakavaka mufananidzo yose nyika.