Pasi mavambo. Various hypotheses mavambo Wepasi

Kana iwe buda mangwanani chena chando mangwanani kunze uye vanonzwa twemazaya echando crunching petsoka kana kwazisai mambakwedza nomusi rwizi iri kupisa July, zvakaoma chaizvo kuti kufungidzira kuti kamwe pamusoro nguva yakanga hapana zvakadaro. Chavanoziva; kana chando, kana rwizi, kana uswa, kana kunyange zuva. Paiva dzakadururwa nzvimbo umo seguruva vaneta, bumping kupinda mumwe panguva rakakura aimhanya. Iyi nguva zvakaoma kuti neimwe nzira kuzodana. Haana prehistoric, zviri ahistorical vamwe mhando: saka inconceivably kare zvakaitika uye saka tariro upenyu nzvimbo iyoyo ...

Zvisinei, kwakabva Pasi hwakada chokuita Danho iri paumbwe wezvose. Conditions dzakwidzwa zvakatungamirira kuti chidzoke yedu yakatanga aumbe kubva nguva yacho Big Bang. Various hypotheses kwakabva Earth uye kuzvarwa nyika akasimuka mupfungwa vanhu kubva ipapo, kana murume akatanga kufunga panzvimbo yake zvose uye kuti ariko kunze kwake dzose nzvimbo.

mungano

marudzi ose vane ngano kwenyika kunoitika. Ivo sangana yenhungamiro akashandurwa kuti rengano zvisikwa. Kubva nyonganyonga pane mwari wokutanga, iyo kukonzera chromosomal remweya venyama, uye zvose zviri: gungwa, nyika, masikati nousiku, vanhu. Earth mavambo pfungwa munyika dzakasiyana zvinowanzobatanidzwa chido chaMwari kuti pave nenzvimbo pakati pemvura nyika. Panguva dzakasiyana nhema pamusoro pakusikwa kwenyika vakanga vaisanganisa, kana shanduro itsva kuoneka. Somuenzaniso, muna chiHindu pakabva Pasi yose zvakasikwa chinoonekwa dzakasiyana shanu. Panobva zvakasikwa, maererano ngano siyana, vaiona chitsvene inzwi Om, munhu wokutanga Purusha, akapa chikamu chomuviri wake kusika nyika, Kufuridzira Maha-Vishnu. Uyewo, sezvo kwakabva kuvapo zvose anoita "chikuru kupisa" uye "zai yokunze".

cosmogony Slavs

Kwakabva yekare Slavs Earth zvikuru kufanana nevamwe rengano zvitendero. Pakutanga, zvinhu zvose hazvina akarayira. Panguva iyoyo paiva chete chete mwari Rod, uyo muronga ari primeval nenyonganyonga. Akasika nyika negungwa kubva mukomboni wenyika yokudenga zvinhu. Zvino mwanakomana wake Svarog akatanga kuronga nzvimbo. Akafemera upenyu kunyika yose, uye akasika murume akatsanangura vokutanga vanhu mitemo yokurarama nayo.

Pasi pokudzora chiKristu ngano zvishoma dzakachinjwa. In nemabhuku emabasa nengano nezvaMwari akawana akayangarara ari pristine mumvura nechikepe uye akasangana dhiabhori. Mwari anotumira dhimoni kusvikira pasi pegungwa kuti tsama jecha uye akarivaka kupinda pasi penzvimbo.

zita

Pazuva rengano ngano dzose murayiro nyika iri wakakodzera uye kwakabva zita "Pasi". In kufunga madzitateguru zvose ano marudzi kwakanga kusina pfungwa pamusoro idenderedzwa pezvakaita nyika, uye vakawanda nyika, zvakare. Kwakabva zita "Nyika" wakakodzera, rumwe rutivi, pamwe ngano pamusoro sandarara sezvinoita cakes on the, pamwe pose nyika uye makungwa, ikafamba pamusoro pamisana yemhuka hofori. vanhu vakasiyana vaiva nzou, hamba kana whale. Ukuwo, pakabva shoko "pasi" rine chokuita nhatu nhanho pamwe weboka wezvose; denga, nzvimbo yaigarwa nevanhu nemhuka, uye guva, kana kuti Sheori. izvi zvinhu zvose dzakachinja chitarisiko zvatinosiita rokuti nyika mumitauro. Kwakabva zita "Pasi" iri Slavs yekare chokuita pfungwa ye "pasi" uye "ivhu". The Earth - iri kuti pasi pedenga, pazasi: akamira, hwaro. Saka, kwakabva zita "Pasi" anobva kunzwisisa nyika yevanhu se "sandara saucers" uye magwanza riri pazasi wokudenga wavanamwari.

Mukuwedzera, muna netsika wamadzibaba Shoko "pasi" yedu chokuita nemhuri yose, pamwe yaizivikanwa munharaunda. Mutorwa uye kazhinji utsinye akasarudzwa sezvo kure, uye zita rake raiva mavambo zvakafanana. "Nokuti mugumo wenyika" - ". Kure" dimikira rinoreva The Slavs yekare kazhinji akasarudzwa sezvo umambo vakafa.

Zvinofadza kuti yakafanana necheSalvic nemidzi uye kukosha, umo rakasvika zita yemapuraneti mimwe mitauro. Saka, kwakabva shoko "pasi» (Earth) mu Chirungu kunewo chokuita pfungwa pasi uye pasi pasi petsoka dzavo.

How kuwana chinhu kubva hapana

Sezvingatarisirwa, ano zvesayenzi kunzwisisa chidzoke wezvose akasiyana chaizvo kubva avo vanoumba hwaro chero chitendero. Nhasi, mhando dzose wezvose Makavakwa pamusoro Big Bang dzidziso. Maererano naye, anenge mabhiriyoni 13,77 apfuura zvose zviripo nokuda zvakaoma zvakanaka zvavo kuputika simba. A mamiriro umo yakaramba kusvikira nguva ino inonzi yakazonaka. Maererano zvachiri, zvakanga zvakasiyana zvose ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti kunyange masayendisiti hakugoni kunzwisisa chii kurongedza kuitika mairi.

Nguva pfupi pashure Big Bang, chadenga akatanga kukura vaduku. Huge tembiricha kuita uye nokukurumidza yaro constituent nezvimedu haabvumiri kuti kubatanidzwa kupinda makuru masangano. Zvisinei, sezvo tembiricha iri shoma kuwedzera. Zvakatora makore anenge miriyoni imwe kusvikira zvose dzaserera kuna 4000 ° C, uye zvokutanga nezvimedu akatanga kuumba maatomu. First akazviratidza nehelium uye rehydrogen, vakatevera maatomu vakaumba uye kwakanyanya zvinhu.

In danho rinotevera wezvose guruva nezvimedu uye gasi, zvaitova zvakatanga kusangana uye kuumba zvinhu kuwedzera guru. Zvishoma nezvishoma vakaumba mapoka enyeredzi pamwe nyeredzi nemapuraneti. The zvakasikwa Saka kuramba richikura, uye izvi zviri kuitika kuti kure.

Native bande hweGwara Way

Mharidzo "The Origin of Earth" mukirasi kazhinji kunotangira nyaya nhoroondo renzou. Zvakatanga anenge mabhiriyoni 4,6 akapfuura. The pakuonekwa redu renyeredzi chidimbu akatungamirira avo chete urongwa, izvo zvakazoita dzakawanda zvakasikwa dzakaumbwa. HweGwara Way pacharo akazviratidza anenge mabhiriyoni 7-8 makore adarika. By paumbwe zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri rinokweva dhirika akatungamirira mugove dziya diki pamusoro samolecular yomuchadenga gore. Kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti kuitika munzvimbo iyi zvakasikwa - iri nyore nokuda remoteness yavo nguva. Kuti mutongere zviitiko sehofisi riwedzere kuti paumbwe zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri sezvo tinozviziva, zvinokwanisika chete nokuvaka dzidziso kunobva pakudzidza yepasi pose uye zviwanikwa mitemo uye Nenyaya Iyi dzavo Zvakawanikwa nezvatinazvo chaizvo kuchengeta.

"Hot" pfungwa

Pamugumo wenyika XIX remakore kwakabva Pasi uye zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri, nyanzvi dziri kushingaira kudzidza Chamberlain T. uye F. Multon. Vakaisa mberi Yaunoti inopisa pfungwa. On pakusikwa dzidziso wavo vakasundidzira zvakawanikwa panguva. It chakazivikanwa kuti yakadzika pasi pevhu paNyika rinoreva inokosha hero kupisa: ari subsurface tembiricha rinosvika 1000 ° C.

"Hot" pfungwa posits kuti Nyika, kufanana nemamwe mapuraneti, pakutanga raiva dzvuku-inopisa bhora, riri ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga zvichitonhorera. The pakuonekwa izvi inopisa clots nyaya akatsanangura muduku zuva kuita nevamwe, akafanana mune simba regiravhiti kukwezvana chinhu. Star rakaitirwa nekaupenyu pedyo napedyo kuti chinovheneka yedu. Somugumisiro, pakati pavo Yakaumbwa pamusoro zambuko imwe mhando, raiumbwa fuma vaviri mitumbi yokudenga. Zvishoma nezvishoma nyeredzi vakaparadzirwa, uye zambuko yakadhirika mu vakaparadzana "nezviduku" kupisa pamusoro peshoko, inonzi planetesimals. Kwapera Vakava mapuraneti uye satellites, zvino kuzivikanwa.

Pakutanga, kwaitonhora

Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chete pfungwa kuti rinotsanangura matangiro Pasi. Hypotheses munyika masayendisiti vari kutanga kudzora kana kutsanangura vakawanda zvinooneka chokwadi. In yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura, nyanzvi uye yefizikisi vakafunga nezvenyu zvakare kuti pfungwa nemapuraneti pakutanga kuchitonhora.

Nokuti kokutanga nebular pfungwa yakanga akagadzira mukati XVIII remakore. Anofungidzirwa kuti akaratidza Emanuel Swedenborg, ipapo akanhonga Immanuel Kant. The huru pfungwa yaiva chiitiko mabasa Pierre-Simon Laplace. Zvinhanho mavambo enyika uye zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri seboka, maererano nepfungwa iyi, isu yabuda zvishoma zvakasiyana pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa uye rokutanga ava paumbwe imwe nebula kana nebula. Waiva gasi-guruva clot, zvichiguma mugove pfungwa pamusoro pokuwa samolecular yomuchadenga gore. Nebula, nokuda kuona masimba kukwezvana kubva pedyo zvakafanana idzodzo, akatanga tenderera. The nebula of kutenderera akazviratidza giravhiti, izvo zvakaita kuti vasanyanye kwayo nharaunda. Zvakaguma kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Young nebula akafanana ari centrifuge, uye ayo pedyo yepakutanga mbiya chimiro anova akafanana ellipse zvakawanda. Kwapera nguva, ari Centrifugal simba panguva neequator yokufudza simba regiravhiti, uye avhareji nzvimbo nebula vakatanga peel they and and kure mumwe nomumwe chindori. Ivo Chaiva zvose zvakafanana seguruva uye gasi zvichipera zvishoma aibatanidza kuumbika kurei zvinhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, vari "vakura zvakakwana" kune mapuraneti, uye tembiricha zvitsva mitumbi yepasi pose haana kubvumira isu akavashevedza inopisa.

Richipisa subsoil

Nhasi, ari nebular pfungwa iri nezvenzvimbo ungangotarisa kuitika nokuda paumbwe renzou. Kugadzirwa hypotheses kunoitika pamwe kutora chikamu anoranga kwesayenzi dzakawanda, vamwe Laplace zvokudya vakanga Akave nokuvandudza kana vaisanganisa. High tembiricha mukati Wepasi vakagamuchira tsanangudzo kuti haambozvipikisi dzidziso.

Pane zvikonzero zviviri up: asi radioactive kuora uye rinokweva Kusiyanisa kuti chicherwa mari. Origin anopa anenge 15% kudziyisa. The chikuru kukosha ndiyo kuparadzana zvinhu pakutanga hwakakanyiwa kupinda akawanda akaturikidzana negiravhiti. Izvi zvakakonzera kwete chete kune nokuwedzera tembiricha iri subsoil, asiwo paumbwe womukati nemamiriro nyika, kuti zvose tinodzidza chesekondari: chinoumba, jasi, goko.

Earth Young aimiririra pedyo bhora zvakaumbwa nzvimbo chinhu zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinhu randomly yakavhenganiswa. Zvisinei, zvichangobva zvaanorumbidza, dzinoratidza kuti nemamiriro nyika ine zvakanaka zvakarongeka marongerwo. Basic zvinhu vanoumba pasi, - okisijeni rinoumbwa oxides, nesilicon, simbi uye aruminiyamu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo panguva kunokanganisa arambe achirema mashoko acho.

Kusiyanisa

Weight uye Vhoriyamu Earth, vamwe vachiri XVIII remakore, akabvumira masayendisiti kuverenga ayo avhareji arambe achirema. It akawanikwa kuti anenge 5,5 g / masendimita ^3. The kukosha parameter nokuda pamusoro - 2.8 d chete / masendimita ^3. Dzakaonekwa tsika zvinoratidza kuti kwakanyanya zvinhu kusimbiswa nechepakati yose, uye Penyesai pemvura akaturikidzana.

Kuronga zvinhu dzakatanga kuonekwa nyika. Vakadhakwa regiravhiti simbi akava "sag" pakati, uye aruminiyamu nesilicon yeimwe nekusiyana, "ichiyangarara" panyika. Iron, kuchinja nzvimbo nzvimbo yake, uye kunoita musimboti regiravhiti panyika. Nokuda mimwe mitemo yezvakasikwa panguva imwe chete, yakawanda kupisa simba, iyo inotungamirira kudziyisa yomukati akaturikidzana the Earth. Huwandu simba kunotangira hwakakura kwazvo. Panguva iyoyowo zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nyika haina kumbobvira yakarukutika zvachose. Izvi kamwe zvakare inosimbisa nebular pfungwa.

Kutonhora uye kudziyisa

Chokwadi, kupisa subsoil akaramba zvaparadzwa nokuda muchidziisa nomumativi chikamu simba akarasika. Zvisinei, izvozvo yakabudirira ndanyarara hangu nokuti zuva nemwaranzi. Kusiyanisa simba rinoshandiswa zvose kwemasayendisiti kuitika munyika: makondinendi ichifamba, paumbwe makomo, volcanism.

Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti kune zuva, muitiro kupatsanura zvinhu akapedza 85%. Pashure pakuguma Kusiyanisa Nyika ichava geologically akaneta nyika, zvakafanana neizvi kuna Moon. Zvichaitika makore anenge mabhiriyoni 1,5.

The kubhomba

Uyezve Kusiyanisa uye subsoil kuora kuti radioactive zvinhu zviri kutanga nzendo inotungamirwa Nyika, Achidya kudziyisa yayo yomukati akaturikidzana vairidza asteroids. tembiricha Zvibereko pave kakawanda kwemotokari vashoma nzvimbo mitumbi kuti nyika. Maererano neimwe shanduro, kupfuura kunoshamisa kwemotokari izvi zvakatungamirira kumwedzi. C. With Earth yakabonderana muviri kukura Mars. Somugumisiro panyika yakanga agogodza panze rakanaka anoyevedza jira rakareba, vakazochinja akava shamwari. The kurwisana aiva mamwe results: yekudyidzana kwakawedzera rotational nokukurumidza paNyika murerekere akabatana kwayo. Uyewo, asteroids uye comets inokurukurwa somumwe inobvira matsime emvura.

VeMubatanidzwa mvura inopa upenyu

Mabviro mvura Panyika - wenyaya iwayo yakakura. The ungangotarisa musi anoonekwa kuva shanduro "pakukurukura" ayo asteroids. Zvisina kunanga mashoko asimbise pfungwa kutsvakurudza nzvimbo, somugumisiro iyo mvura dzakaonekwa mumiviri duku dzakawanda zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri. Masayendisiti ari akazendamira akananga kusunungurwa ichi anoratidza kuti mvura - yakati yainge fuma, asi nokuti inopisa ezvinhu vechiduku Earth, angangodaro Ipwa zvachose. Nokudaro, pasi ndingangokuvara pano kwakabva mvura. Zvichida saka zvakakodzera kuti zvose zvipenyu fuma chinofanira nyika pamwe astroid uye comets kubva huru bhandi yaiva pakati Mars uye Jupiter.

Zvisinei, chaiwo kwakabva mvura Panyika - asi achiri mubvunzo pasina mhinduro yakajeka. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti basa reDare zvinoverengeka kwacho. Pakati pavo uye degassing magma kunyunguduka kugadzikana zvinoriumba kwazviri. Water mhute nedzimwe yeimwe zvikakandirwa panyika panyika munguva kuputika kwemakomo. Kusimuka kwemvura uye yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa, saka zvishoma nezvishoma kuunganidza mumakungwa akaumba hydrosphere.

The pakuonekwa mvura, uyewo dambudziko kwakabva nyika - hauna kugadzikana kusvikira pakuguma mubvunzo. Zvichida, basa raro reDare pezvakaitwa vaviri kubhomba, uye degassing kuti magma. Zvapedzisira zvakonzerawo paumbwe kwechadenga.

Mabviro upenyu Panyika

Imwe nyaya nevakawanda kukurukurwa chokuita kukura Earth nhoroondo - ndiye chidzoke zvipenyu. Nhasi, pane hypotheses wandei, achirondedzera kwakabva upenyu Panyika. Biology, akadzidzisa makore gumi apfuura, anosimudza nechidzitiro pachivande kuvadzidzi vake: upenyu yakabuda mumvura munyanza, mune dzinonzi primordial muto. Kubvira ipapo, mufananidzo yachinja, awana mashoko matsva.

Chidzidzo "The Origin of Life Panyika" anotanga nhasi nyaya RNA nyika. Ribonucleic acid, maererano zvichangobva kudzidzwa - the Morekuru wokutanga uri nyika vachikwanisa nokuzvidzora kutevedzera. Danho rinotevera munzira kubva zvisina upenyu kune makemikari nyika yakanga kuwana miganhu. RNA mamorekuru anogona neimwe nzira vaiva mukati negomba mabhora kuti vari kwakadzika ari mugungwa mvura vari akaumbwa mafuta acids. Saka pakanga paine kumumvuri kungoti sero: RNA Morekuru takapoteredzwa membrane.

Paumbwe muviri pakati kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza RNA rwakakwaniswa kuburikidza nekugona yokupedzisira kukwezva vamwe nucleotides uye dzinga vamwe. Mabviro upenyu Panyika biology uye sayenzi kufanana havana kudzidza kusvikira pakuguma. Kune vachiri mibvunzo yakawanda zvisingagadziriswi. Pakati pavo, Somuenzaniso, panowanikwa weboka uye inotungamirwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu.

symbiosis huru

Kuderera dzengereka zvino vaiona nhoroondo kwaita organelles siyana mukati muchitokisi. Zvakangotanga akatanga pakuonekwa rokutanga zvipenyu anogona phagocytosis, ari Absorção de Água muviri kubva kwezvakatipoteredza kuti vaumbe chikafu vacuole. Nzira itsva kudya kwakaita kuti kuwedzera muchitokisi size: kuti chikara anofanira kuva guru vakaurayiwa. Nhaka zvinhu apo zvakachengetwa muchimiro genofor okutodza Precursors. Vari dzakabatanidzwa zvakananga membrane. Phagocytosis Akaperekedzwa ari kubuda munhu simba kuitika munyika cytoplasm, umo mapazi uye vakaonekwa genofory. Pane ngozi yokurasikirwa chikamu majini zvokunyama kana kutyora ayo mamiriro. Somugumisiro, muchitokisi kuumba mhango, akaparadzaniswa cytoplasm pedyo membrane. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakanzi tinoshandurirwa musimboti. Saizvozvo akazviratidza yokutanga masero eukaryotic.

Organelles akadai mitochondria uye flagella zvingangowedzera vavapo mu nedanho phagocytosis. Vamutangira masero anhasi, kuchipedza chikafu akawana symbionts, ushamwari tusingaoneki. Vari kushandisa zvinovaka muviri kupinda cytoplasm, vakatanga kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana ari mutemo intracellular kwendangariro. Maererano symbiogenesis pfungwa, saka muchitokisi inonzi mitochondria yakaonekwa kare uye flagella. zvichangobva kudzidzwa zhinji asimbise pfungwa dzokururamisira.

inotsiva

RNA nyika sezvo aizotangira zvose zvipenyu zvose zviri "makwikwi." Pakati pavo pane creationist dzidziso uye pfungwa yesayenzi. Kwemazana emakore akawanda kwaiva zvokufungidzira pamusoro upenyu kwatangwa chizvarwa: nhunzi nehonye akazviratidzazve kuorera mazviri tsvina, mbeva - mune hwekare mamvemve. Akapikisa ne nevafungi XVII-XVIII emakore, akagashira kuberekwa yechipiri muzana remakore rapfuura iri Oparin-Haldane dzidziso. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, upenyu ndiwo mugumisiro nesungano pakati Organic mamorekuru ari primordial muto. Zvekungofungira masayendisiti vakanga zvisina kunanga nekusimbiswa yakakurumbira yetsvakurudzo Stenli Millera. Hazvina dzidziso iyi, chikatsiviwa pakutanga ichi remakore, pfungwa kunoitwa RNA nyika.

In zvakafanana, pane kutenda kuti upenyu hune pakutanga extraterrestrial mavambo. We akamuuyisa redu, maererano dzidziso panspermia, zvakafanana asteroids uye comets, iyo "akatora chengeta" paumbwe nyanza uye makungwa. Kutaura zvazviri, pfungwa iyi haitsananguri chitarisiko upenyu, uye rinotaura sechipiriso chokwadi, chinhu yokusafa midziyo yacho.

Kuti muchidimbu pamusoro, zvinova pachena kuti mavambo Pasi uye zvipenyu nhasi - zviri achiri mubvunzo rakashama. masayendisiti Modern Chokwadi, iri pedyo zvikuru pakugadzirisa zvakavanzika redu kupfuura nevafungi ose Antiquity neMiddle Ages. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvichiri inoda kunyatsotsanangura. Various hypotheses mavambo kwePasi vakatevera mumwe munguva idzodzo patinowana mashoko matsva kuti murege huchikanganiswa nomufananidzo wekare. Zvinogoneka kuti izvi zvingaitika munguva yemberi isiri kure, uye ipapo yokutsiva zvakanaka akasimbisa pfungwa achauya itsva.