Huta zvinyama: marongerwo uye ushande. Features tsinga tishu. Types tsinga tishu

Tinowanzova huta, dzose dzinobvisa kuuya mashoko, vakaitei nyika yakatipoteredza uye edza kuteerera muviri wako, uye mune izvi zvose tinobatsirwa ne zvinoshamisa masero. Ndivo mugumisiro shanduka refu, mugumisiro basa hunhu munyika pokumuka zvipenyu Panyika.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti hurongwa kwedu maonero, ongororo uye norudaviro rakanakira. Asi isu tiri chaizvo kure nemhuka. Nzwisisa sei kudaro kunzwisisa hurongwa, zvinokosha chaizvo kwete chete nokuda vanachiremba - zvipenyu uye n'anga. Izvi vangafarira, uye vanhu vezvimwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira.

Mashoko ari munyaya ino inowanika wose uye zvinogona kubatsira kwete chete sezvo zivo, nokuti kunzwisisa muviri - kiyi kunzwisisa pachako.

Nekuti iye akazviita

Human huta zvinyama ane basa rakasiyana nemamwe STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka vakasiyana Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu uye dzavo yakananga mukukurukurirana. Pashure pezvose, uropi hwedu - zvakaoma chaizvo akaronga hurongwa. Uye kushandisa maitiro edu, manzwiro uye mafungiro, tinoda chaizvo kunzwisisa network.

Tsinga zvinyama, mamiriro uye kushanda kuti rinotsanangura akaita Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu - masero pamwe yakatesvera panyanga dzacho - uye kuona chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri, pakutanga kwezvose, kunopa kwakarongeka basa zvose nenhengo dzawo. Chechipiri, izvozvo rinobatanidza muviri kune kwokunze zvakatipoteredza uye chinopa adaptive mukupindura ayo shanduko. Chechitatu, anodzora muviri pasi siyana ezvinhu. Ose tsinga rinenge riri zvinhu chezvinonhuwira ari psyche: aramu hurongwa - matauriro uye mafungiro, peculiarities yokuzvibata munzanga. Mamwe masayendisiti hypothesized kuti munhu huvandudzike pfungwa dzenyu, nokuti iyo aifanira "chibayiro" mhuka dzakawanda vanokwanisa. Somuenzaniso, hatina rikwanise aiona uye kunzwa, chii chinogona pamusoro mhuka.

Tsinga zvinyama, marongerwo uye kushanda vari hwaro magetsi uye makemikari hutachiwana iri mupasi zvakajeka migumisiro. Kusiyana humoral, wegadziriro anoita pakarepo.

Vazhinji zvinotakura diki

Mumasero huta zvinyama - ari Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu - ndivo STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka vamapoka tsinga. Dzouropi Sero mamiriro dzinoratidzwa zvakaoma uye kwakawedzera dzichipfekeka specialization. The nemamiriro dzouropi chinosanganisira eukaryotic muviri (soma) vane dhayamita uye 3-100 microns pezvakaitwa. Soma dzouropi unotora munhu neerekitironi nucleolus pamwe biosynthetic midziyo iyo inowanikwa makemikari, zvinhu kuri kune unyanzvi hwakasiyana mashandiro anoita Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Izvi mhuru Nissl - zvakasimba yakabatana mumwe matangi flattened kuti ine endoplasmic reticulum uye Golgi midziyo yakatanga.

Mashandiro anoita etsinga sero anofanira ichi- kunogona kuitwa, nokuda nekuwanda mumuviri "miti simba" zvibereko ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton nechipiriso neurofilaments uye microtubules, anobatsira kutsigira basa. Panguva kurasikirwa Kamudzira zvivako lipofuscin ruvara iri synthesized, uwandu iyo kunowedzera nezera kuwedzera pamusoro dzouropi. The hunde Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu ruvara akaumba Melatonin. The nucleolus rinoumbwa mapuroteni uye RNA kubva DNA core. The ontogeny pamusoro nucleolus uye basophils kuona chikuru maitiro siyana muvanhu, sezvo kuvimba basa uye kakawanda vokukurukura. Tsinga zvinyama kunosanganisira dzinokosha STRUCTURAL chikwata - the dzouropi, asi pane dzimwe mhando rutsigiro tishu.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako masero etsinga

Dvuhmembrannoe neerekitironi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu ane pores kuburikidza izvo zvinopfuura tsvina zvinhu hwokurara. Kuburikidza magene midziyo Kusiyanisa kunoitika kukonzera configuration uye kakawanda mukukurukurirana. Chimwe tsanga basa ndiko murau mapuroteni usage. Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu vakura haagoni kugovera mitosis, uye majini vakatsunga vanoshingaira zvigadzirwa synthesizing mumwe dzouropi anofanira nechokwadi inoshanda uye homeostasis yose upenyu yatinofema. Yaitsiva tagovera vasisiri nhengo chete intracellularly zvingaitika. Asi pane kusaina. The epithelium of olfactory analyzer zvimwe ganglia remhuka vakakwanisa kugovera.

Mumasero huta zvinyama iri nemaziso kusiyaniswa dzakasiyana-siyana hukuru uye zvitarisiko. Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu dzinoratidzwa mugari chimiro nokuda kwemasayendisiti, kazhinji dzakawanda uye vashoma. Izvi - mhenyu conductors zviri zviratidzo zvemagetsi, ayo rakanyorwa dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama. Huta zvinyama, marongerwo uye kushanda iyo kuvimba kusiyaniswa zvikuru masero, ane basa kunoratidzwa omumwe kutsinga dzinouya mashoko yeEncoding parutivi nemagetsi pulses uye kuparadzira mamwe masero kusiyaniswa, anokwanisa kupa mhinduro. Hazvina anenge nguva imwe. Asi vamwe zvinhu, kusanganisira doro, nokunonoka kwazvo naye.

pamusoro axons

Mhando dzose huta zvinyama mashandiro pamwe zvakananga Kupinda pezvakaitwa-dendrites uye axons. Axon rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki se "akabatana". Ichi kwenguva refu kwezvichemo, conductive muviri parutivi excitation-yakatesvera panyanga dzacho kune dzimwe Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Axon mazano zvikuru mapazi, mumwe anokwanisa kuita pamwe 5,000 Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu uye 10 kutanga zviuru vokukurukura.

Locus soma, umo mapazi axon, yainzi axon hillock. Chine pamwe axon kuti vashayiwe dzemakwiringwindi endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, uye enzymatic kunzwisisa.

A vachitova dendrites

zita iri rinoreva kuti sero "muti." Kufanana matavi, kubva soma ukure stubby uye simba branching pezvakaitwa. Vanogamuchira anonongedzera uye vari loci apo pane synapses. Dendrites Via divi mapazi - spines - kuwedzera pamusoro nzvimbo uye saka ushamwari. Dendrites pasina cover, ivo axons vari takapoteredzwa myelin mumuhara. Myelin ari lipid hunhu, uye ayo chiito hwakafanana insulating ehupfumi mapurasitiki kana rabha unhani dzemagetsi waya. generating excitation pfungwa - axon hillock - ndepana nzvimbo yaigara axon kubva soma iri chikungiso wongoramba.

White nyaya nokuburukira makwara muuropi uye musana axons chimiro naro tsinga nomunhu zvinoitiswa, kuti introducer akatakura basa - neurotransmission. The zviratidzo zvemagetsi vari chakasvitswa kune siyana madhipatimendi uropi uye musana, kuita kutaurirana pakati pavo. Varikutonga miviri panguva imwe chete inogona kwakabatana kune receptors. Gray nyaya cerebral cortex aumbwa. The musana Canal ndiyo musimboti chokuziva hunenge (sneezing, vangakosora) uye autonomic nzvimbo yacho dzepanguva basa mudumbu, weti, defecation. Intercalary Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, muviri uye dendrites kuti injini kuita dzepanguva basa, kuita motokari zvavaifunga.

Features tsinga rinenge nokuda nokuwanda kwendangariro. Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu vari unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, nedambudziko. The huta kwevanhu zvinyama haaiti unipolar mumwe outgrowth pamusoro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Mugore multipolar - zvakawanda dendritic hunde dzacho. branching izvi hazvina chokuita kumhanya ari chiratidzo.

masero zvakasiyana - mabasa akasiyana-siyana

Mashandiro etsinga sero akasiyana mapoka Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Specialization ari dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama kana kusiyanisa afferent kutsinga dzinouya Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, kuitisa nomunhu kubva nhengo uye ganda kuuropi.

Intercalary Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, kana kushamwaridzana, - boka nokuchinja kana unobatanidza Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kuti kuongorora uye kuita sarudzo, akatakura tsinga sero chaitika.

Efferent Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, kana kugumbuka, kuchengeta mashoko pamusoro nezvekufadza - zvinodiwa kubva ganda uye zvomukati kuuropi.

Efferent Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, effector, kana kufamba, mufambiro nomunhu - the "chikwata" kubva uropi uye musana kuti kushanda miviri zvose.

Properties pamusoro etsinga rinenge kuti Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu anoshanda zvakaoma uye nezvishongo basa mumuviri Zvisinei humdrum chinyakare kushanda - kugovera zvokudya, kubviswa kuora zvigadzirwa, rokudzivirira basa anowana ebetsero kana kutsigira neuroglial masero Schwann.

Pfungwa inotungamirwa masero etsinga

Mumasero Neural chubhu uye Kusiyanisa ganglion ndiro kutsanangura zviri Neural zvinyama nenzira mbiri zvinova neuroblasts makuru uye neurocytes. masero Small (spongioblasty) asingadi kuwedzera uye kuva nemasero glial. Tsinga zvinyama, mhando micheka izvo rakanyorwa Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, inoumbwa huru uye ebetsero. masero Auxiliary ( "masero glial") vane zvikuru marongerwo uye ushande. The nechepakati tsinga iri anomiririrwa anotevera mhando glial masero: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes; peripheral - gliocytes ganglia, chinouraya uye neyrolemmotsitami glial masero - Schwann masero. Ependimotsity mhango lining ventricles uropi uye musana Canal uye secrete ari cerebrospinal mvura. Types tsinga rinenge - astrocytes, nyeredzi serin'i chimiro rinenge grey uye nyaya chena. The ehupfumi of huta zvinyama - astrocytes uye glial Kamudzira zvinobatsira kuti ropa-uropi chipingamupinyi: pakati nemvura uye connective nyama yacho huta inopfuura STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka nemiganhu.

Evolution jira

The chikuru pfuma chipenyu muviri ndiko kushatirwa kana nehanya. tsinga zvinyama mhando isimbiswe phylogenetic nzvimbo mhuka uye ane paupamhi variability, complicating muitiro yemhindumupindu. Utachiona All zvinoda vamwe parameters yomunyika co-kugadzwa uye mutemo zvakakodzera kusakarongeka pakati vachawanei kuti homeostasis uye vasiri mamiriro. Huta zvinyama remhuka, kunyanya zvipuka zvine masero akawanda marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita izvo ndavhiyiwa aromorphoses, kunoita kupona ari kurwira kuvapo. Mumamiriro hydroid kukurukurwa stellate, masero etsinga akapararira muviri uye aishamwaridzana wakaisvonaka pezvakaitwa, zvakanyatsobatana. Izvi rworudzi Neural zvinyama anonzi diffuse.

Tsinga planar uye roundworms hunde, manera mhando (ortogon) inoumbwa peya chepfungwa ganglia - zvisumbu masero etsinga uye kuripa yavo longitudinal hunde dzacho (konnektivy) interconnected ne muchinjikwa tambo commissures. In annelids kubva peripharyngeal ganglion kwakabatana tambo, paunobuda ventral etsinga tambo, izvo neimwe chidimbu - maviri contiguous tsinga raiva pedyo nebundu kwakabatana ne tsinga fibers. Vamwe spineless kuramba tsinga ganglia nokuumbwa wouropi. Zvaisazogona uye dzidziso iri nzvimbo kunorondedzerwa arthropods cephalization peya ganglia uropi, huta mhete peripharyngeal uye ventral tsinga cheni.

In chordate Neural rinenge zvinyama mhando zviri zvikuru, zvakaoma kuwana, asi mamiriro iyi evolutionarily kwakarurama. akaturikidzana siyana kubuda uye akaronga pamusoro dorsal parutivi muviri kuumba Neural chubhu mhango - nevrotsel. In vertebrates iri kusiyaniswa muuropi uye musana. In paumbwe kuuropi pamberi kuguma chubhu blistering. Kana nechepazasi zvipuka zvine masero akawanda tsinga chinoita evasingatombonamati Kukunda basa, ipapo mhuka yakakwirira rinoitwa mashoko kuchengetwa, achibvisa, kana zvakakodzera, uye rinopawo kubudiswa uye kusangana.

In mhuka, izvi uropi kuzvimba kukonzera mikuru zvikamu uropi. Uye navamwe chubhu anoumba musana. Tsinga zvinyama, marongerwo uye basa izvo zviri yepamusoro mhuka yacho, kwave kuchiita kuchinja. Izvi kufambira mberi cerebral cortex, uye nhengo dzose tsinga, zvichikonzera kunzwisisa kuchinjira kumamiriro zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, uye mutemo homeostasis.

Center uye arikunze

tsinga dzinoiswa ne dzichipfekeka madhipatimendi uye anatomi. The anatomical Murongerwo zvakafanana nzvimbo mazita apo dzoga nechepakati tsinga uye peripheral. The nechepakati tsinga inosanganisira uropi uye musana, uye peripheral tsinga raimiririra, magungano terminations. Tsinga pezvakaitwa akauya masumbu ndiro CNS myelin mumuhara rakafukidza mukuru, zvidzidzo zviratidzo zvemagetsi. kutsinga dzinouya Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, dendrites vanoumba kutsinga dzinouya tsinga axons - motokari tsinga.

Paungano refu uye pfupi siyana hwakakanyiwa tsinga dzakabuda. Kuunganidza uye kupedzera, neuronal sero mitumbi vanoumba nodes mhiri nechepakati tsinga. Tsinga harinzwi akakamurwa Kanotokonya uye effector. Dendrites nemapazi chinouraya bundu dzikwanise zviratidzo zvemagetsi. A efferent axons anoguma - iri kushanda miviri, tsandanyama, fibers, mumasero. Kupatsanura functionality chinoreva nokupesana mukati somatic tsinga uye zvionera.

Chinhu isu kudzora, asi chinhu zvatisingagoni kudzora

The ehupfumi of huta zvinyama nokuti chokuti somatic tsinga pasi nechido chemurume, innerviruya kuvhiyiwa rutsigiro hurongwa. Motor nzvimbo mu cerebral cortex. Zvionera, rinonziwo vegetative, hakubvi pakuti kuda murume. Zvichienderana yayo kubvunzurudza, haugoni rikurumidze kana kunetesa mwoyo urove kana intestinal motility. Sezvo nzvimbo yacho autonomic nzvimbo - hypothalamus, nomukombiyuta autonomic tsinga monitors mwoyo uye nemidziyo, kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa, abdominal dzomuviri.

Tsinga rinenge mapikicha izvo unogona kuona kumusoro, anoumba tsitsi uye parasympathetic mapoka ari autonomic tsinga, izvo zvinoita kuti vave mhandu, ichipa wezvikamu antithetical kushanda. Excitation mumuviri mumwe anoita deceleration mune nemamwe maitiro. Somuenzaniso, mashoko tsitsi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kukonzera zvakakomba uye kakawanda marwadzo mwoyo rwamakamuri vasoconstriction, BP akasvetuka sezvo norepinephrine asunungurwa. Parasimpatika muchisunungura acetylcholine, zvinobatsira kuti kwakaderera mwoyo mutinhimira, kuwedzera lumen yacho arteries shoma kumanikidzwa. Kuwiriranisa mapoka aya nevamiririri normalize mwoyo mutinhimira.

The tsitsi tsinga mabasa panguva kunetseka kana nevanopikisana kana akasimbisa. Anonongedzera kuitika munzvimbo yacho thoracal uye lumbar vertebrae. The parasympathetic gadziriro kusashanda panguva zororo uye kugaya, pakurara. Miviri Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu - iri hunde uye sacrum.

Muudzame kuongorora masero kunyanya Purkinje, vane peya serin'i aine muzvizhinji pamusoro dendritic branching, mumwe anogona kuona sei tichimhanya kutapurirana, uye kuzivisa mashandiro ose anotevedzana muitiro matanho.