Maguta City sainzi Russia: pasi. Pokumuka maguta Russian nesayenzi. Specialization of sayenzi guta Russia iri yefizikisi yenyukireya? Guta Sayenzi Russia rokutanga

To musi, zviri pachena kuti chete kukura itsva ruzivo Russia achakwanisa kutora nzvimbo yaro yakakodzera pamisika yose zvoupfumi. Chichange kubvumira nyika yedu kudzorera uye kuramba mamiriro simba guru.

Hongu, Russia akapfuma exportable zviwanikwa (kusanganisira gasi uye mafuta). Zvisinei, zvibereko zvavo zvikuru kubudiswa havasi nheyo upfumi nesimba, dzimwe nguva vachiisa nyika panguva ngoni zvikuru dzakabudirira. Ndicho chikonzero uchida nokukurumidza Kuchinja kubva upfumi kuti nechido mafuta uye simba pfuma, kuti nzira itsva kukura mabhora ose National upfumi. Uye ichi zvinokwanisika chete kana njere kurudziro uye tsvakurudzo mabasa mumunda simba uye chokufambisa, muchina building, mudziyo-kugadzira, avhiyesheni uye nzvimbo indasitiri.

Panofanira kuva imwe nzira itsva budiriro mune zvokurapa uye dzidzo, bio- uye ruzivo rwokugadzira. Sei izvi? Foster uye pave simba njere uye zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi nezvaanogona kuburikidza pokumuka mumaguta Russian nesayenzi.

Nyaya

Akadaro chinhu se "guta sayenzi", akaonekwa muRussia chete pakutanga pakati 90s remakore rapfuura. Uye kuchava kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kwayo, kwaiva seboka hunhu. The list, yaiva Russian maguta sainzi, aiva maguta akabatanidza nemisha, vaiva kukura zvinetso zvakafanana. Izvi zvinosanganisira rinokosha mhando ugari. Vaiva tsvakurudzo guta-dzichiumbwa uye kugadzirwa uye nemamwe masangano chokuita zvakananga pave nesayenzi uye michina mabhora National upfumi. Chii vaiva prerequisites nokuda kwoUmambo nemisha dzakadaro?

Naukogrady Russia vaiva inogadzirwa munyika muitiro. pakuonekwa akanga akaita zvichibvira panguva apo padanho kukura ehurumende akanga chinokosha was zvakagadzirwa.

maguta Science Russian zvakasiyana saka simba wevasungwa yenjere chakabatsira kusika, uye ipapo vakabata zvikuru-vaida inokosha parity mu inokosha munzvimbo zvechiuto. Uyezve, nokusika misha yakadaro hurumende vakakwanisa kuzadzisa soro pamwero kutsvakurudza munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Geography naukogradov

Pari, munyika yedu zviri makumi manomwe nemisha, chinangwa chikuru chiri kutanga itsva mirayiridzo. maguta City-Russian nesayenzi dziri muna kugarwa yacho ubvise.

Chinenge hafu pamazita ichi chinogona kuwanika pamepu kuMoscow nharaunda. Izvi zvinosanganisira uye Zelenograd ndiro chikamu administrative chavanopinda guru.

Kunze, Moscow nharaunda, pamusoro munharaunda Central Russia, ndiyo imwe dzidzo masere sainzi. Ivo riri Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Tver uye Nizhny Novgorod kumatunhu.

Urals - nharaunda chechipiri apo ine zvakakwana yakakwirira wevasungwa maguta Russian nesayenzi dziri. List remasangano pamazita vane kuChelyabinsk uye Sverdlovsk kumatunhu. Panzvimbo wechitatu wevasungwa kuti idzodzo akadaro West kuSiberia. On Ndima yayo iri maguta matanhatu sayenzi. Unogona kudziwana pamepu iri Altai Territory uye Tomsk uye Novosibirsk kumatunhu.

Zvinoumba naukogradov

Vazhinji misha, vonyanya mupfungwa kwaniso, Maguta. Tichishandisa ichangopfuura, vaviri musha akagamuchira mamiriro "guta maguta Russian nesayenzi." Zvinhu remasangano vakabatana:

- Pos. Chernogolovka akaiswa muMoscow nharaunda;
- Pos. New, akashandura zita reguta Relight.

Pane zvakarongwa maguta sayenzi - townships nomwe. Pane pakati masangano aya uye nemisha mana okumaruwa. Asi kwete kuti zvose Russian maguta sayenzi. Zvinyore refilled Akademgorodok zvikuru zvesayenzi nzvimbo East ari Far uye kuSiberia. In yayo administrative chavanopinda, ndivo nzvimbo guta.

A dzakasiyana-siyana siyana, uye nhamba yevanhu vanogara mumaguta zvesayenzi. In remasangano pavo akanyorwa vagari vanopfuura zviuru mazana maviri. In Pamazita ichi - guta Sayenzi Russia sezvo Biysk. Nokuti chikuru tsvakurudzo masangano pamwe chete nhamba dziri Dzerzhinsk uye Zelenograd.

sainzi vangani maguta Russian dziri pamusoro wechipiri soro nhamba yevanhu vanogara navo? Sere idzodzo akadaro. Uye voruzhinji pamazita ichi iri muna Moscow mudunhu.

Kakawanda, sayenzi guta Russia - guta umo 20 kusvika 100 zviuru vagari. Kwakadaro mari yevanhu iri vanenge hafu zvose yesayenzi masangano.

Zviduku guta neguta-Sayenzi Russia - Primorsk in Leningrad mudunhu. vagari vemo chinguva vanopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu vanhu.

nhamba Akasiyana vakokwa mumaguta zvesayenzi ari mamiriro dzomumaguta-mhando yawo. Saka, vanhu musha. Orevo - 1,5 zviuru vanhu, uye musha. Krasnoobsk - 17.5 zviuru.

Kana Akademgorodok kuwanda kwavo vagari haina kuzivikanwa. Izvi imhaka kundopinda remasangano mumaguta makuru. Dzakananga date ndiyo chete reNovosibirsk Akademgorodok, nokuti dzidzo nesayenzi muSoviet muruwa muzinda. Pakutanga 2001 ndiyo 130,9 zviuru vanhu yave vakanyorwa.

Kuwedzera Science Cities pamazita

Zvino zvakaoma kuverenga nhamba kutsvakurudza nzvimbo kuti vari kuita mabasa kusuma yazvino vari National upfumi. Chokwadi chokuti pane CATF - Closed City, inonzi "mailboxes". Dzavo vanoshingaira declassification rakatanga yokutanga yezana nineties remakore rapfuura, asi nhasi, kwete zvose nzvimbo idzi dzinozivikanwa zvevoruzhinji.

Wedzera zvawanyora, zvinosanganisira guta Russian maguta sayenzi anogona uye dzimwe nzvimbo ine nesayenzi uye michina mukana simba. Somuenzaniso, munguva pfupi yapfuura zvaitika zvakafanana Gatchina rakamiswa muna Leningrad mudunhu. nzvimbo iyi, nhamba vagari inova 82,3 zviuru. Man, akanga sechinhu guta sayenzi nokuti iri munharaunda St. Petersburg Institute of Physics Nuclear.

The pamazita zvivako zvakadaro zvinogona kuitwa:

- Angarsk, iri Irkutsk Region (population - 264 zviuru vanhu.);
- Kamennomostskiy (. 106,8 zviuru vagari), iri pamuganhu Udmurtia.

Angarsk Electrolysis Plant mabasa kubata uranium exchange vapfume. Zvino meso vanogona kunyatsonzi kunzi muvambi bhizimisi Ural yenyukireya. chinzvimbo iyi akatumirwa kuti guta nokuda Chepetsk Mechanical Plant, unobereka uranium exchange simbi.

Anotarisirwa guta Sayenzi Russia - Sosensky guta rine vanhu 14.6 zviuru vanhu .. musha uyu riri Research Institute of zvishandiso uye kushandisa michina, kugadzira hurongwa nokuti avhiyesheni indasitiri.

Asi ichi hachisi gurupu maguta nemisha, izvo Vakwikwidzi nokuda kwebasa iri mazita maguta nesayenzi. Saka, kuti musi, vaiona kuti unyorwe ndandanda remasangano, ari Peterhof, nekuti guta rino zvinozivikanwa uye pakukura miziyamu guta munyika.

Basa chinzvimbo

Muna November 1997, Mutungamiri Russian Federation aiva mavambo hurumende nomutemo pamusoro pokumuka pakutsvakurudza nzvimbo. Zvaive munguva iyi, akasaina chirevo "On zviyero nokuda pokumuka maguta sayenzi guta soro rwokugadzira uye nesayenzi." Panguva iyoyo kwakati kwatemwa zvikuru pfungwa dzidzo kwakadaro, uye kuita itsva zvesayenzi uye michina mabasa, uye vaitungamirira nekuve experimental budiriro iri kukosha nzvimbo munyika.

Guta rokutanga Sayenzi Russia, izvo pamutemo agamuchira chinzvimbo chakadaro - Obninsk, riri munzvimbo Kaluga mudunhu. Zvino May 2000. Kwapera gore, guta nesayenzi Pamutemo kunzi Korolev (Moscow reg.). Muna December 2001, mamiriro rakanzwika Dubna.

Specialization naukogradov

Cities vanobatanidzwa utsanzi uye zvesayenzi uye michina kuitika, kuitisa mabasa avo dzakasiyana-siyana. Saka, muna Napamusara chete ndivo chaiwo vemunharaunda kwesayenzi (Borok, Dubna, Troitsk) uye Akademgorodok. guta yoga dzinounzwa, ane rakanaka zvesayenzi uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu chawo (Reutov, Khimki, Zhukovsky). Ivo zvinosanganisirawo maguta sayenzi uye indasitiri yenyukireya (Sarov, Ozersk, etc.). Ari oga boka remasangano aya maguta kuedzwa izvo zvakaunza midziyo (Plesetzk, Rugare, 7 Dmitriev and said.).

Zvisinei, vakawanda mumaguta zvesayenzi kuRussia uye avo specialization vari kunzwisisa. In akadaro rezvedzidzo pfungwa nzvimbo zvinopa siyana tsvakurudzo, kufukidza zvakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo. Zvisinei, vose mugove mumwe chaicho chinhu. Pakati kuwanda mabasa zvichibvira nguva dzose kuziva zviviri kana zvikuru zvitatu. naukogrady kwakadaro inonzi multioriented.

Panewo guta monospecialized. Mavari pane imwe chete dzidziso kune tsvakurudzo.

Mune kupatsanura maguta yesayenzi specialization dzavo uye chakasiyana ive zvenguva boka. Zvinosanganisira dzidzo yakadaro, izvo tsvakurudzo uye kukura pane dzinoverengeka fronts, asi chete mumwe wavo ndiye mukuru, uye vamwe - chete zvokusarudza kana muchiridzira huru basa.

tsvakurudzo Space uye aviaraketostroenie

The kushandiswa nevakawanda tsvakurudza uye kubudirira sangano nokuda nzvimbo uye avhiyesheni zvinodiwa. How sainzi maguta Russia anoshanda mune mirayiridzo iyi? nzvimbo dzakadaro munyika 25, uye nhamba yazvo huru iri mune Moscow mudunhu. Kune pakati pavo maguta avo vakaita basa rinokosha mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, kukura munyika.

Saka, mutungamiriri wechipfuwo avhiyesheni bhizimisi iri Zhukovsky. vagari vemo iri 95,1 zviuru. People. guta rino sainzi ndiko aitungamirira nechepakati nyika umo magadzirirwo uye kuidzwa ndege. Heano nyika yakakurumbira Flight Research Institute ainzi pashure Gromov, uyewo Central aero AND-Hydrodynamic Institute. Zhukovsky.

Science City ari kushandiswa nzvimbo uye Korolev, rine vanhu 132,9 zviuru. People. Corporation "puhti" ndicho chinoumba zvebhizimisi dzidzo. Ndiyo nyika raipinda Aerospace kambani-yokuvaka purogiramu dzakawanda nzvimbo, kusanganisira "Energy-Buran". Asi ichi yakakurumbira Korolev kwete chete. On Ndima yayo uripo pakati chokudzidzisa muchadenga kunoongorora.

By Queen adjoins rimwe taundi nesayenzi. Rejubheri ichi rine vanhu 27.7 zviuru. People. On nharaunda dzidzo iri kutsvakurudza Kudya zvinobatanidzwa pokumuka hurongwa kuti nzvimbo-chitundumuseremusere yakaoma.
Naukogradov specialization zvakafanana uye Star City. vagari vemo iri 5.5 zviuru. Residents. inotungamirwa Ichi musha mundima vakadzidziswa muchadenga kunoongorora kuti aigarira ndege.

Kumavirira Moscow ndiro guta sayenzi akavharwa. It Krasnoznamensk umo 29.4 zviuru. People. Kare mukupera 40-ies wekupedzisira remakore pamusoro nharaunda dzidzo kuti yakavhurwa nechepakati kukurukurirana pakati, iyo yava pakati chikuru kunovhenekwa uye kudzora nzvimbo ndege.

Mumwe yakakurumbira maguta sainzi, izvo vashumire pakutsvakurudza nzvimbo specialization maguta akadai norugare uye Znamensk. Vari chiri pedyo Plesetsk nzvimbo centre uye Kapustin Yar.

Radio Engineering uye Electronics Centers

Science City, kushandisa basa munzvimbo idzi, ari oga boka, sezvo tsvakurudzo inoitwa mavari nevamwe. All masangano akadaro matatu Russia. Vaviri muguta - Fryazino uye Zelenograd - dziri muna Moscow mudunhu. Third - Pravdinsk - in Nizhny Novgorod nharaunda.

Kuzivikanwa zvemagetsi iri guru Russia ndiyo Zelenograd. Nhoroondo guta rino, iro zvino kumba 207,8 zviuru. People, akatanga muna 1958. Panguva iyoyo neDare Vashumiri kushandisa chisarudzo kutanga kuvaka Satellite guta guru. Nzvimbo iyi administrative sangano akasarudzwa nzvimbo, iri pedyo Kryukovo yemapurisa. Nechekare yokutanga makore gumi okurarama muguta akavaka masangano masere makuru umo akavaka mutyairi zvinomera munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kuitika, kusanganisira pasango microelectronics.

Kukura zvakaoma yenyukireya

Pakati Russian maguta sainzi, pane vaya dzidzira vari tsvakurudzo, uyewo kukurira kushanda ivo vakava michina muzvinhu wekemisitiri yenyukireya uye wefizikisi. A kanoda pandandanda ichi vari maguta gumi mabhomba. Panguva iyoyo, maguta vakasikwa pakatanga USSR mabhomba chirongwa. Kutanga kwezvisikwa maguta aya nesayenzi wakaradzikwa muna 1943. Panguva muMoscow akazviratidza Laboratory №2, kubata nezvinetso kuvaka zvombo zvenyukireya. Nhasi guru muzinda zvikuru nezvesayenzi inonzi "Kurchatov Institute".

Mune ramangwana, nokuti kukura Murabhoritari zvaida kusikwa wandei nemasangano iri huru munzvimbo zvaibvira kuwana tsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa uye yokuedzwa zvivako. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri shongwe emakambani gumi. Vose vaiva kure vakawanda munzvimbo, uyewo mikuru uye railroads (kubva "yokunzvera maziso").

The yakakurumbira guta Sayenzi wefizikisi zvenyukireya Russia - Sarov. Riri mune European kwenyika, munzvimbo yaigara iri Mordovian chengetedza. Kuwanda vanogara mairi - 84,9 zviuru vanhu .. Kwemakore, guta nesayenzi akabereka mazita akadai Yasnogorsk uye Kremlin, Arzamas-75 Arzamas-16. Yakanga chete muna 1994, mushure referendamu, guta pakuzivikanwa se: Sarov.

Specialization of sayenzi guta Russia iri yefizikisi yenyukireya? Kunze pamusoro zvakakodzera achinongedza mhiri korwizi. Chinonziwo rinowanikwa European kwenyika, iri munharaunda Penza nharaunda.

Pane maguta mashanu mabhomba ari Urals. It Snezhinsk, Ozersk uye Trehgornyi riri kuChelyabinsk mudunhu, uye Novouralsk uye Forest - munzvimbo Sverdlovsk mudunhu. maguta matatu, kushandisa tsvakurudzo zvenyukireya, iri kuSiberia. It Seversk muna Tomsk nharaunda, Zelenogorsk uye Zheleznogorsk - muna Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Chimwe dzakagadzirirwa kuti sayenzi guta Russia iri yefizikisi yenyukireya? Kunze pamusoro maguta gumi mabhomba ari pamazita remasangano zvinosanganisira maguta sere munharaunda dziri huru tsvakurudzo masangano mirayiridzo iyi. Pakati pavo, reDimitrovgrad uye Gatchina, Obninsk uye Dubna, Protvino, Troitsk, uye vamwe.

Rimwe remaguta ari pasi rino ndinoda kusimbisa kunyanya. It Obninsk - wokutanga nesayenzi guta Russia, vakagamuchira yakadaro yakakwirira munzanga. It riri kumaodzanyemba-kumavirira Moscow, mune rimwe namakumi maviri chete kubva guru, uye nhasi ine vagari 107,8 zviuru vanhu.

Obninsk Construction akatanga muna 1946, apo maererano chikoro chebhodhingi uye nherera, kwakasarudzwa kuvaka chakavanzika Zvivako "B". Research mumunda zvenyukireya wefizikisi havana chete Soviet, asiwo nyanzvi German vakakokwa Laboratory chesungano. Gare gare, Physics uye Power Engineering muna Obninsk akasikwa, uye muna 1954 akatanga basa rayo pano kutanga munyika simba renyukireya.

The Kugadzirisa okurima nyaya

Science City okurima specialization muRussia - guta Michurinsk. chinzvimbo ichi anopiwa namagariro riri Tambov nharaunda, paakavapa panongova ichangopfuura - 11. 4. 2003, pahwaro Presidential zvinotaura. Chete gwaro akabvumirwa uye dzinokosha mirayiridzo, izvo zvinofanira tiite mabasa ayo chete Russian sayenzi guta okurima specialization. Pakati pavo pane zvinotevera:

- kutsvakurudza maberekero uye genetics, nemakemikari omuviri, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, hwaiitwa miriwo, bheri uye zvirimwa muchero, uye kuziva nzira yose negoho, kudzikama uye Kudzikamiswa agroehkosistem;
- Kugadzirwa zvakatipoteredza kurira experimental ruzivo kwete kugadzirwa chete, asiwo zvokufambisa, kubudiswa uye kuchengetera dzakasiyana-siyana michero nemiriwo;
- nesayenzi uye zvekushandisa utsanzi, yokuedzwa uye experimental kukura mune zviridzwa, uyewo kugadzirwa itsva, zvakatipoteredza-ushamwari zvokudya zvinogadzirwa;
- Kurovedza yevashandi mamiriro kushanda muzvinhu zvose zvokurima.