Education rweUkraine sehurumende: musi uye nhoroondo. Pandaiva akaumba Ukraine sehurumende?

Ukraine - chikuru nyika muEurope. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika nharo kuti nyika ndiyo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kuEurope tsika uye yave iripo kwemazana emakore akawanda, hazvisi. Education rweUkraine sehurumende chaizvoizvo zvakaitika makore 23 akapfuura. Ichi nyika duku kuti kudzidzira kurarama pachavo, pasina chinhu rutsigiro. Chokwadi, Ukraine kwakabvira kare, asi zvakadaro hapana panotaurwa munyika sechinhu dzakazara mamiriro. Munzvimbo ino pane imwe nguva akararama vaSitiya, Sarmatians, Turkic dzavanhu, vokuRussia vekare, Cossacks. Vari zvose zvimwe sei kukura nyika.

yekare kare

Kutanga, shoko "Ukraine" rinoshandurwa kubva nzira yakare Russian "sabhabha", kuti hakuna murume panyika pamuganhu. nzvimbo idzi vanonzi "Wild Field". Kutaurwa kweGungwa Dema wokutanga steppes yomusi VII remakore BC, ndipo vaSitiya vakagaramo. MuTestamente Yakare, vanorondedzerwa se tsitsi uye utsinye anongofamba vanhu. Muna 339 BC. e. VaSitiya vakakundwa muhondo Filippom Makedonskim, zvakanga mavambo kuguma kwavo.

Kwemazana emakore mana, Gungwa Black nharaunda yaiva vabatwa vari Sarmatian. Ava vakanga ukama madzinza anongofamba uyo akatamira kune Lower Volga nharaunda. Muzana II remakore BC. e. Sarmatian yaisunda Turkic avanhu. Muzana VII remakore pamahombekombe ari Dnieper Slavs akatanga kugadzirisa, izvo pamazuva iwayo yainzi Rusich. Ndokusaka nyika vakagara akanzi Kievan Rus. Vamwe vaongorori vanoti kuti paumbwe kuUkraine sehurumende akanga 1187. Ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Panguva iyoyo, akazviratidza chete rokuti 'Ukraine', zvinonzi zvaireva kuti hapana mumwe kupfuura kumucheto Kiev Russia.

Tatar vachirwisa

Panguva iyoyo, nyika Ukraine ano vakanga pasi vachirwisa kuti Crimean Tatars. Rusichi akaedza mukudzidzire vapfumi, ivhu rakaorera of inowanzorimwa Great, asi kugara akapakatira uye kuponda vaisabvumirwa kuunza zvirongwa zvedu kusvika kumugumo. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, kuti Tatars vaiva chikuru kutyisidzira Slavs. Yakakura nzvimbo akaramba dzisingafambwi haizovi chikonzero kuti vari parutivi rwechipo Crimea. Tatar vachirwisa kuitwa nokuti vaifanira sezvineiwo kuramba upfumi hwavo. Vari kuita mombe maberekero, asi hazvina kupa batsiro zvikuru. Tatars kubirwa vavakidzani of Slavs, nevaduku uye utano vanhu akabatwa musungwa, kupanana varanda ndagadzirira Turkish zvigadzirwa. In akawanda wechiTatar yaingopambwa akatambura Volyn, Kyiv nharaunda uye Galicia.

The kugarwa wenyika ivhu rakaorera

Vachengeti uye varidzi vaiziva sei zvinogona zvinobva yakaorera vakasununguka munzvimbo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti paiva nengozi kundorwisa Tatars, mupfumi kutorwa inowanzorimwa, akavaka misha, saka huchikwezva kune vanhuwo zvavo ake. At Varidzi aiva hondo yavo, kuti zvifambe uye kurangwa ari mundima pasi pavo. Vanopa Varimi pakushandisa nyika, uye vari kudzokera akabvunza kuripwa zvakavakodzera. Nezviyo vakauya kusingatauriki fuma vokuPoland magnates. Yakakurumbira vaiva Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo. Nepo Slavs zvakaora muminda, kuti Poles vaigara dzakaisvonaka dzoushe, kushambira fuma.

Cossacks kumwedzi

In norusununguko-rudo Cossacks akatanga kugara munyika vakasununguka steppes pakupera ari XV remakore, dzimwe nguva akaverevedza mupfungwa kusikwa ehurumende. Ukraine aigona kuva ugaro mbavha uye Vagabonds, nokuti pakutanga vaigara munharaunda. On matongo kumucheto vanhu kuuya vanoda kuva akasununguka, saka unorema kubva Cossacks vaiva vashandi, vakatiza kubva vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata rouranda. Uyewo, pano kuuya vagari uye vapristi defrocked, vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani. Pakati Cossacks vaiva vanhu vanokudzwa mavambo, vari kazhinji kutsvaga uchinzvera uye Chokwadi, upfumi.

Chikwata kwaisanganisira Rus, Poles, Belarusians uye kunyange Tatars vakatora zvachose wose. Pakutanga, zvakanga kupfuura munhuwo bhanditi chikwata kuti kubirwa wacho Tatars uye vokuTurkey uye zvakabiwa akararama. Nokufamba kwenguva, vakatanga kuvaka fray - rakavakirirwa musasa, riri nguva dzose pabasa uto revarwi. Ikoko vakanga vadzoka kubva patrol.

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti 1552-ndipo - gore inotungamirwa kuUkraine sehurumende. Kutaura zvazviri, panguva ino kwakanga yakakurumbira Zaporizhzhya sich, izvo saka kudada Ukrainians. Asi iye akanga asiri zvikabva yazvino wehurumende. Muna 1552, ivo Cossacks vakanga vakabatana chikwata, asi avo dzavarwi yakavakwa pachitsuwa Little Khortytsya. izvi zvose akaita Vishnevetskii.

Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga Cossacks vaiva vanhuwo makororo, vakapamba vokuTurkey dzavo pachavo vabatsirwe, pamusoro nguva, vakatanga kudzivirira kugarwa of Slavs kubva vachirwisa pakati Tatars, akasunungura vomunyika pakutapwa. Turkey, hama iyi rusununguko-rudo sokuti kurangwa naMwari. Cossacks pamusoro gulls dzavo (refu, yakamanikana zvikepe) chinyararire akananga kuna pamhenderekedzo nyika muvengi, uye pakarepo akarwisa akasimba masvingo.

State Ukraine aida kusika imwe yakakurumbira hetmans - Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Jinda Izvi zvakaita kunetesa kutamburira nehondo Polish, achirota okuzvimirira uye rusununguko vamwe vose vomunyika yacho. Khmelnitsky akanzwisisa kuti chete haasi kukwanisa kutsungirira anokumhan'arira Western, saka akawana anorichengeta anonzi ari munhu Moscow chamber. Chokwadi, pashure kudeurwa kweropa muUkraine yapera, asi hazvina kuva yakazvimirira.

Kuwa tsarist

The chidzoke rweUkraine sehurumende aizova zvichibvira pakarepo mushure pakuputsa choushe Romanov dzinza. Zvinosuruvarisa enyika emo vasina simba mupfungwa, uye Chikurukuru - kubatana, kuunza zvirongwa zvedu kusvika kumugumo uye kuti nyika yake kuzvimirira. On kuwa tsarist Kiev akadzidza March 13, 1917. Mazuva mashoma wokuUkraine enyika ndakasika Central Batsirai, asi chengeta simba mumaoko avo kuti varege Pfungwa constraints uye rushoma munyaya dzakadaro.

Maererano nedzimwe nemishumo, iyo inotungamirwa kuUkraine sehurumende musi 22 November 1917. Zuva iroro, Central Council hauitirwi Third Universal, achizivisa pacharwo simba repamusoro. Zvisinei, kana harisati akasarudza dimbura zvachose ukama Russia, Ukraine kuti nei kwenguva akazova zvionera zvokuvhoterwa. Zvichida zvakadaro mutemo wakanga kunyanya nokungwarira. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, Central Council akasarudza paumbwe hurumende. Ukraine akaziviswa akazvimirira uye zvakazara akazvimirira nyika kubudikidza Russia.

Kudyidzana pamwe Austrians uye vokuGermany

A nguva apo paiva Ukraine sehurumende kuti zvakanga zvisiri nyore. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuti Central Batsirai akamanikidzwa kukumbira rutsigiro uye nedziviriro munyika dzokuEurope. February 18, 1918 akanga asaina Brest-Litovsk Treaty, maererano iyo Ukraine rave kuitwa Europe, hombe zvokudya, uye vari kudzokera vakagamuchira kuziva rusununguko uye kutsigirwa zvechiuto.

Austrians uye vokuGermany munguva pfupi mauto vakapinda nharaunda ehurumende. Zvinosuruvarisa Ukraine haagoni kuzadzisa ayo chikamu chibvumirano mashoko, saka pakupera April 1918, Central Batsirai yakanga yaparara. April 29, Dare nyika yakatanga Pavlo Skoropadsky. Education rweUkraine sehurumende kupa vanhu tanetseka chaizvo. The dambudziko iri kuti pakanga pasina vatongi vakanaka munyika, iyo vaizokwanisa kudzivirira rusununguko nzvimbo kudzorwa. Skoropadskyi hahuzogari musimba uye gore. Nechekare December 14, 1918, iye ignominiously akatiza naye batana mauto eGermany. Ukraine rave ndokukandwa mapere, venyika European havana kuzivikanwa kwayo rusununguko uye ndisina rubatsiro.

The kuuya nesimba Bolsheviks

Kutanga 20s remakore rechimakumi maviri vakauya zvakawanda shungu wokuUkraine House. The Bolsheviks akasika kwegadziriro austerity, kuti zvimwe kumisa pokuwa upfumi uye achaponesa itsva mamiriro. Ukraine kubva vanonzi "hondo komiyunizimu" wakatambudzika kwazvo, nekuti ndima yayo ndiko kunobva zvokurima zvigadzirwa. Achiperekedzwa mapoka nezvombo vakuru vakaenda kumisha uye simba vakasarudzwa zviyo vanhuwo zvavo. Yakasvika zvokuti ikaunganidzwa kubva mudzimba chingwa chichangobva kubikwa. Sezvingatarisirwa, ezvinhu akadaro haakonzeri kuwedzera zvokurima kugadzira, varimi anongoti akaramba kushanda.

nenhamo All rakawedzerwa uye kwemvura. Nzara 1921-1922 chakauraya mazana ezviuru Ukrainians. Hurumende ainyatsonzwisisa kuti twakadai nzira zvakare kushandisa seisingashandi. Saka, mumwe mutemo wakadzikwa pamusoro NEP (New Economic Policy). Pamusana kwaari, kare 1927, 10% kuwedzera anorimwa munharaunda. In nguva iyi paumbwe hurumende varipo. Ukraine chinyararire kukanganwa pamusoro kutyisa hondo yevagari vemo, nzara, dispossession. The Ukrainians vakadzokera zvakanaka kuva pamba, saka ivo zvimwe tsitsi kutanga kubata Bolsheviks.

Rokuzvipira-ndikapisira kupinda USSR

Pakupera 1922 muMoscow kunge akafunga mubatanidzwa Russia, Belarus uye Transcaucasian chinoda kuti pave yakatsiga zvikuru kubatana. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, kana aumba Ukraine sehurumende, yaiva anenge manomwe emakore. December 30, 1922 vamiririri zvose dzeSoviet rakabvuma zano kubatanidza, saka akanga akasika USSR.

In dzidziso, chero chinoda vaiva nekodzero kusada pamwe, asi kuti aifanira kuwana mvumo kubva Communist Party. In tsika, kuti vabudirire rusununguko zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo. The bato rakanga centralized uye dzinodzorwa kubva Moscow. Ukraine pakukura nzvimbo rakava wechipiri pakati zvose inoti. The guru, akasarudzwa guta Kharkov. Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro apo akaumba Ukraine sehurumende, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti 20-remakore rechimakumi maviri, nekuti ndipo apo nyika yawana miganhu uye administrative nemiganhu.

Updating uye kubudirira munyika

Rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu akaita akafemera upenyu kunyika Ukraine. Panguva ino paiva 400 mabhizimisi matsva munyika chakaita kuti anenge 20% upfumi zvose. Muna 1932, ivo Hydroelectric simba chirimwa yakavakwa, Dnipropetrovsk, zvakava panguva iyoyo pakukura Europe. Nemhaka basa vashandi akazviratidza Kharkov Tractor Plant, Zaporozhye Iron uye Steel Works, yakawanda mafekitari Donbass. Munguva pfupi yakabereka guru uwandu upfumi kushanduka. Kuti uvandudze kuranga uye kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda vave akasuma makwikwi kuti mangwanani Implementation kuronga. The Hurumende akapa vashandi akanakisisa uye kupa musoro Hero pamusoro Socialist Labor.

Ukraine munguva Second World War

Munguva 1941-1945. Mamiriyoni evanhu akafira munyika. Ruzhinji Ukrainians vakarwa pedyo Soviet Union, asi haina anoshanda Western Ukraine. Munzvimbo iyi hunodzorwa vamwe kumunetsawo. Maererano OUN Mauto pamapoka SS "Galicia", aifanira kuva vasingatungamirirwi Moscow, Ukraine. Nhoroondo paumbwe hurumende yaizova zvachose akasiyana kana vokuGermany achiri akunda. Chokwadi chokuti vokuGermany kuti kupiwa Ukraine kuti rusununguko, zvakaoma kutenda, asi zvose zvakafanana zvipikirwa vakakwanisa kukunda pamusoro vamwe 220,000 Ukrainians. Kunyange pashure pehondo, mapoka aya zvombo vakapfuurira kuvapo.

Life pashure Stalin

rufu Soviet womutungamiri wakamutsira nayo upenyu hutsva kuti mamiriyoni evanhu vanogara Soviet Union. Chakava mutongi mutsva Nikita Khrushchev, uyo akanga achisonganira kuUkraine uye, chokwadi, sevasingafungi naye. Panguva yokutonga kwake, yakasvika kuvandudza kukura. Zviri achionga Khrushchev akanga nhengo dzaro dziri Crimean kweItari muUkraine. Sezvo mamiriro akasimuka, ndiyo imwe nyaya, asi kuti avo miganhu administrative-miganhu, zviri akaumba muSoviet Union.

Ipapo akaenda simba Leonid Brezhnev, uyewo aibva kuUkraine. Pashure pokutonga pfupi pamusoro Andropov uye Chernenko panguva achidzora raiva Mikhail Gorbachev. Ndiye akasarudza akanyatsosiyana kushandura mira zvoupfumi uye Soviet ezvinhu yose. Gorbachev aifanira kukurira Rumhangapanga kwenzanga uye bato. Gorbachev agara akadana pachena uye kuedza kuva pedyo nevanhu. Vanhu vakatanga kunzwa zvakawanda zvakanaka, asi kunyange zvakadaro pasi Gorbachev vaKomonisiti kudzora hondo, mapurisa, kurima, maindasitiri, KGB yakaongorora nhau.

The rusununguko

Musi inotungamirwa kuUkraine sehurumende anozivikanwa vose - zviri 24 August 1991. Asi chii asati chiitiko ichi chinokosha? March 17, 1991 akabata imwe ongororo yakaitwa pachena: Ukrainians havasi kuzorwa uchangamire, pazvese, kuti hazvina vakazoroorwa hwakawedzera kuderera kwavo nderemagariro. VaKomonisiti vakaedza zvose zvinogoneka nzira varambe simba mumaoko avo, asi kunotozongoita rwotedzemuka kwavari.

August 19, 1991, isolated ari reactionaries Mihaila Gorbacheva muCrimea, vakazvifarira Moscow akaedza kubvuta danho, achizivisa mauto atonge uye akaumba Emergency Committee. Asi hapana akauya pamusoro vaKomonisiti. August 24, 1991, apo paiva Ukraine sehurumende, kuti Verkhovna Batsirai vakazivisa nyika rusununguko. Asi pashure 5 Mazuva basa Communist Party rakarambidzwa neParamende. 1 December wegore iroro, kuti Ukrainians iri referendamu vakatsigira Act Kuzvimiririra uye vakasarudza mapresident rokutanga - Leonid Kravchuk.

Kwemakore, zvakaguma paumbwe kuUkraine sehurumende. Map of nyika kazhinji achinja. nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakanga yakatora kuna Soviet Union, nezvezvitadzo kumadokero kweUkraine, chikamu Odessa Oblast uye Crimea. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha ndiyo ndichengetedze Ukrainian ano administrative-miganhu miganhu. Zvisinei, zvinokwanisika chete yakaoma. Saka, purezidhendi rechitatu Ukraine Victor Yushchenko muna 2009 akapa Romanian chikamu Continental pasherufu. Uye muna 2014, Ukraine varasikirwa, uye parera ake - kweItari Crimea, uyo kuRussia. Ko nyika kuchengeta nharaunda yavo kuchakasimba uye kuramba akazvimirira, chete nguva vachakuudza.