Darwin mupiro kuna zvipenyu zvishoma. Chii mupiro kukura zvipenyu kwakaita Charles Darwin?

Nhasi, vashoma aizoramba Tichitarisa mupiro Darwin vari zvipenyu. The Zita musayendisiti inozivikanwa ose mukuru. Vazhinji Ungati, mune Muchidimbu, chii chiri mupiro Darwin vari zvipenyu. Zvisinei, kupa mashoko dzidziso yake vachava vashoma kwazvo. Ndaverenga nyaya, uchakwanisa kuzviita.

Budiriro kwevaGiriki vekare

Asati kurondedzera mupiro Darwin vari zvipenyu, tsanangura mune mashoko mashoma pamusoro nebudiriro mamwe masayendisiti munzira kuenda kuwanikwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

Anaximander, muzivi wechiGiriki, muna 6th remakore BC. e. Akati kuti munhu hwakabva kumhuka. madzitateguru ake akanga anofungidzirwa akafukidzwa chikero uye aigara mumvura. Papera chinguva, mumazuva 4th remakore. BC. e., Aristotle yakati kuti zvinobetsera zvinhu randomly nokuonekwa mhuka, zvisikwa zvinochengetedza kuti kuvaita zvakawanda zvimwe mune ramangwana. A dzomuzana pasina zviratidzo mashoko kufa. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Aristotle akasika munhu "manera zvisikwa". It riri zvinenge kuitira kubva kupfuura nyore kune mamwe zvakaoma. Izvi pamasitepisi matombo akatanga uye kwakaguma murume.

Transformism zvavapo

WokuEngland M. Hale muna 1677 rokuti "shanduka" (kubva muchiLatin. "Nekutumirwa kwemauto"). Iye akataura navo kubatana enhoroondo uye munhu kugadzira zvinenge. In zvipenyu muzana remakore rechi18 akazviratidza transformism. Dzidziso iyi sei kuchinja-siyana kwemarudzi ose nemhuka. It aipikisa kusikwa, maererano izvo Mwari akasika nyika uye ose kuramba kuchinja. To vatsigiri transformism rinoreva musayendisiti French Georges Byuffor uye Chirungu mupanguri Erazm Darvin. First akafunga nedzidziso yemhindumupindu Jean-Baptiste Lamarck mubhuku muna 1809, "The muuzivi zvemhuka". Zvisinei, wechokwadi zvinhu wakaratidza zita Charles Darwin. Mupiro kuna zvipenyu Musayendisiti ichi kunokosha.

Kukosha Charles Darwin

Iye ndowenyika shanduka pfungwa, makateyiwa nesayenzi. Iye akataura mubasa rake rakanzi "The Origin of Species achishandisa rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa." Bhuku iri rakabudiswa muna 1859, Darwin. Mupiro zvipenyu zvinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera. Darwin aidavira kuti kutyaira masimba shanduka - kuvabereki kushanduka, uyewo kurwira kuvapo. In Kukunda zvisingadzivisiki mugumisiro kushanduka uku kunova dzinongoitika selection, inova zvaunoda zvakasimba ndizvo chete zvinorarama vanhu ane rudzi. Nokudzidza kwavo kusangana kubereka anoshanda enhaka kuchinjai vaunganidza uye muchidimbu, sezvataurwa naCharles Darwin.

Mupiro kuna zvipenyu remasayendisiti ayo kuzivikanwa kuramba kutsvakurudza mirayiridzo iyi. The kubudirira mune remangwana sayenzi akasimbisa kuti akarurama yaDarwin. Nhasi, saka, mashoko okuti "dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka 'uye" yaDarwin "rinowanzoshandiswa sezvo anoreva zvakafanana.

Saka, isu muchidimbu kurondedzera mupiro Darwin vari zvipenyu. Tinopa tikanyatsoongorora dzidziso yake.

The zvakawanika izvo zvakakonzera yaDarwin yemhindumupindu

First ndakatanga kufunga zvikonzero kuti pakati mhuka pane zvimwe zvakafanana uye kusiyana, Charles Darwin. Mupiro zvipenyu, muchidimbu unhu nesu, akaita haasi pakarepo. Chokutanga chaiva kuongorora nebudiriro dzavo vamutangira, uyewo rengeka. Ivo chakakurudzira musayendisiti kuti pfungwa dzinokosha.

Huru Kuwanika Akaitawo South America, muna Geological idzodzo. Izvi marangwanda hofori edentates, chakafanana zvikuru ano sloths uye armadillos. Uyezve, Darwin akafadzwa pakudzidza kwemarudzi mhuka kuti vagere Galapagos Islands. Scientist riri kuputika pazvitsuwa izvi vari richangopfuura mavambo, kufanana mhando finches, izvo zvakafanana yakaoma, asi dzakashandisa siyana zvinopa romugove - dakunanzva maruva, tumbuyu, mbeu dzakaoma. Charles Darwin akagumisa kuti shiri idzi vakauya chitsuwa chiri kubva yakaoma. Kuchinja kwakaitika navo vari akatsanangura kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva kuvapo.

Charles Darwin akamutsa nyaya kuti speciation zvange mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza. Masayendisiti akaona zvakafanana, uye kumhenderekedzo Africa. Kurarama pasi pazvitsuwa Cape Verde mhuka, pasinei zvimwe zvakafanana ne mhando kuti agare kondinendi, pashure vose vane chaizvo nyaya dzatinofanira.

Darwin kugona kutsanangura kusikwa mhando uye unhu rodent tuco-tuco, inovarondedzera. nemakonzo izvi kurarama pevhu mu burrows that. Ivo sevanhu VANOONA Young, uyo gare gare vave mapofu. All izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinhu zvikuru kuzungunuswa kutenda musayendisiti pakasikwa mhando. Darwin akadzokera kuEngland, akaisa pachezvayo chinzvimbo basa. Akaronga kuti rigadzirise nyaya kwakabva marudzi.

mabasa Major

Darwin mupiro kuti kukura zvipenyu anotaurwa kakawanda mabasa ake. Muna 1859, basa rake iye generalized empirical zvinhu kusarudzwa miitiro uye zvipenyu muzuva rake. Uyezve, akashandisa migumisiro zvezvavakacherechedza akaita munzendo dzake. Zvakaitwa naye mungarava "Beagle" rwendo kupote nyika anojekesa zvinhu zviri shanduka dzakasiyana marudzi.

Charles Darwin akawedzera mukuru basa "The Origin of Species ..." ndeechokwadi mashoko ake inotevera bhuku, yakabudiswa muna 1868. It Unonzi "Kuchinja pezvipfuwo uye anorimwa zvirimwa." Mune rimwe basa, akanyorwa muna 1871 ( "The anoburukira Man uye zvepabonde vakasarudzwa"), masayendisiti akaisa mberi pfungwa yokuti munhu inobva nemaape chababa. Nhasi, vanhu vakawanda vanobvumirana nepfungwa yokuti Darwin akaratidza. Mupiro zvipenyu akabvumira iye kuva simba guru munyika sayenzi. Vazhinji kunyange kukanganwa kuti mavambo murume kubva netsoko - chete pfungwa, izvo, kunyange zvazvo tingangove chaizvo, asi zvakadaro haisati akaratidza zvakakwana.

Property nhaka yaro basa shanduka

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nemhaka yaDarwin yedzinza chinhu pfuma ndechokuti, mano zvipenyu kudzokorora mhando muviri uye uchitikurudzira pachako kukura mune dzinoverengeka nezvizvarwa. Pamwe chete yedzinza variability chendangariro kusiyana uye kupfuurira noupenyu siyana. Ndicho hwaro shanduka wenyika makemikari nyika yose.

Kutamburira Kuti kuvapo

"The kutamburira kuvapo" - vanzwisise kuti ndiro guru dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Charles akahushandisa kureva yaivapo ukama pakati zvinenge. Uyezve, Darwin akahushandisa kutsanangura ukama pakati abiotic ezvinhu uye zvinenge. Abiotic ezvinhu kutungamirira zvakasimba ndizvo chete zvinorarama vanhu, uye kuti rufu zvishoma vadzidza.

Two siyana variability

Panyaya variability, Darwin akataura huru mbiri siyana. Wokutanga wavo - imwe variability. Kukwanisa yevanhu ane rudzi mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu sei saizvozvo mamiriro ezvinhu aya (nevhu, okunze). The chimiro chechipiri - hainyatsozivikanwi volatility. hunhu wake Hakupindirani nezvinodiwa kuchengetwa kuchinja nechitarisiko ezvinhu. Manhenda variability mu mazwi ano inonzi mutation.

mutation

The mutation, mukusiyana wokutanga chimiro, ndiyo nhaka. Maererano Darwin, kuchinja kuduku vari yakakura mune nekutambira kumarudzi kuchengetwa rokutanga. Masayendisiti simbisa kuti shanduka ari inokosha basa ndohwavo variability hainyatsozivikanwi. Zvinonzi Kazhinji chokuita anokuvadza kunotouraya kana kwazvakarerekera, asi panogona kuva vamwe inonzi zvinovimbisa.

The mashandiro yemhindumupindu

Maererano Darwin, mugumisiro yokugara kushanduka uye kurwira kuvapo ndiyo inodzivirira kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu matsva kuti zvakanakisisa dzakashandisa upenyu yakakodzera svikiro. Uye mukufamba shanduka, pane kuparadzwa kukodzera, ndizvo zvechisikigo vakasarudzwa. mashandiro Its kuita zvakafanana mune hunhu kuna Breeders, kuti akapeta kujeka uye zvishoma mumwe kusiyana, umo ipapo akaumba zvakafanira adaptations mune zvinenge, uyewo kusiyana pakati mhuka.

All ichi, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji vakati uye zvakanyorwa Charlz Darvin. Mupiro zvipenyu, akatsanangura zvishoma, hakungoitwi chii tinoudzwa. Zvisinei, kazhinji, rakachengetedzwa dzinoratidzwa kubudirira kwayo huru. Zvino unogona kupa udzamu anotsigira sei kuti zvipenyu zviri Darwin akatanga.