Kuderedza matenga kune ... Kuvhara-kuderedza zvinhu

Kuvharidzirwa-kuderedzwa kwemaatomu ega, pamwe neyoni, inhau inokosha mumakemikari emazuva ano. Izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura basa rezvinhu uye zvinhu, kuitisa kuenzanisa kwakakwana kwemakemikari emaatomu akasiyana.

Chii chinonzi oxidizer

Basa rakawanda mumakemikari, kusanganisira mibvunzo yekuedza yebumbiro rehurumende pamwe chete muchikwata che11, uye EGE muchikwereti 9, yakabatana neyiyi pfungwa. An oxidizer inofungidzirwa seatomu kana ion, iyo inoshandiswa mumakemikari ekubatana inotora magetsi kubva kune imwe ion kana atomu. Kana tikaongorora iyo oxidizing zvinhu zveatomu, tinoda puroodic system yeMendeleev. Mune nguva dziri mutafura kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, kukwanisa kwe oxidzing yeatomu kunowedzera, kureva, kuchinja kwakafanana kune zvisiri izvo zvisiri izvo. Muchikamu chemashure makuru, imwe nharaunda inoderera kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Pakati pezvinhu zvakasimba zvikuru zvisingakwanisi kushaya hutano, fluoride ndiye mutungamiri. Izwi rakadaro se "electronegativity", kureva kuti, kukwanisa kweatomu kugamuchira magetsi ekugadzirwa kwekemikemikari, kunogona kufungidzirwa zvakafanana neyodidizing zvinhu. Pakati pezvinhu zvakakomberedzwa zvinosanganisira zviviri kana kupfuura zvikamu zvemakemikari, zvinogadzirisa zvinokonzera zvinogona kuonekwa: potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, ozone.

Chii chinoderedza mutengesi

Kupera kwemaatomu maitiro ezvimwe zvinhu zviri nyore kuratidza midziyo yesimbi. Mune tafura ye periodic, simbi inobva kumucheto kusvika kurudyi yakaderedzwa, uye mumakamu mashoma (vertically) inowedzera. Chinangwa chekudzikinura mune zvekutsvaga kwema electrons, iyo iri pane kunze kwemazinga emagetsi. Iyo yakawanda nhamba yemakwikwi emagetsi (mazinga), zviri nyore kuti ipe "zvekare" electrons panguva yekubatana kwemakemikari.

Zvakanaka zvekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoshanda (alkaline, alkali-pasi) zvimbi. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, tichasarudza sulfur oxide (6), carbon monoxide. Kuti uwane chiyero chikuru chekushandiswa, izvo zvinomanikidzirwa zvinomanikidzwa kuratidza kuderedza zvinhu.

Iyo inogadziriswa

Kana panguva yekubatana kwemakemikari atomu kana ion inopa electrons kune imwe atomu (ion), tiri kutaura pamusoro pekugadzirisa hutachiona. Kuti uongorore kuti kuderedzwa kwezvinhu uye simba re oxidizing zvinoshanduka sei, tafura yezvinhu zveMendeleev ichadiwa, uyewo ruzivo rwemitemo yemazuva ano yefizikiki.

Kudzorera nzira

Zvinodzorerazve zvinotora kugamuchirwa neveons kana maatomu ema electron kubva kune mamwe maatomu (ions) panguva yekubatana kwemakemikari zvakananga. Zvakanaka kuderedza vatendi ndezitrite, alkali sulphites. Izvo kuderedza zvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvinhu zvinowanzosiyana nenzira yakada kufanana nesimbi yezvinhu zvezvinhu zviri nyore.

IOVP parsing algorithm

Mukudaro kuitira kuti mune iyo yakapedzwa yemakemikari yekuita mudzidzi anogona kuronga coefficients, zvinokosha kushandisa shanduro yakakosha. Kuvharidzira-kuderedza zvinhu kunobatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ekuongororwa kwekwenyanzvi mukuongororwa, ega, maitiro akawanda. Tinokurudzira mutemo wekuparidzira chero zvingaitwa:

1. Kutanga, zvakakosha kuziva kuti chimwe nechimwe chiripo chiripo chidimbu chekushandiswa, nekushandisa mitemo.
2. Uyezve, iyo maatomu kana ions ayo akashandura hutano hwavo hutsika hwakatemwa, huchabatanidzwa mumhinduro.
3. Zviratidzo "kubvisa" uye "plus" zvinoratidza nhamba yemasikironi akasunungurwa akatorwa uye akagamuchirwa panguva yemakemikari anoita.
4. Uyezve, pakati pehuwandu hwemagetsi ose, huwandu hwakawanda hunowanikwa hwakawanda hunotsanangurwa, kureva kuti, integer inoparadzaniswa pasina imwe yakasara neyakagamuchirwa uye inopiwa electrons.
5. Zvadaro yakakamurwa kuva electrons yakabatanidzwa mumakemikari anoita.
6. Uyezve, tinosarudza maononi kana maatomu kuderedza zvinhu zvinowanikwa, uyewo kugadzirisa zvinodhaka.
7. Pachigumo chekupedzisira, isai coefficients mu equation.

Kushandisa nzira yekugadzirisa zvemagetsi, tichagadzirisa coefficients mune zvakapiwa kugadzirisa chirongwa:

NaMnO ₄ + hydrogen sulphide + sulfuric acid = S + Mn SO ₄ + ... + ...

Algorithm yekugadzirisa dambudziko racho

Tichawana kuti ndeapi zvinhu zvinofanira kuumbwa mushure mekubatana. Sezvo maitiro atove ane oxidzing agent (ichava manganese) uye mutengesi anoderedza zvinotsanangurwa (zvichava sulfur), zvinhu zvinoumbwa umo iyo inonzi oxidation inoti haisati yachinja. Sezvo maitiro makuru aive pakati pemunyu uye yakasimba oksijeni-ine asidi, chimwe chezvinhu zvekupedzisira zvaizova mvura, uye yechipiri yaizova sodium munyu, kunyanya zvakanyanya sodium sulfate.

Ngatitangei zvino kunyora chirongwa chekuregererwa uye kugamuchirwa kwemasikironi:

- Mn ⁺⁷ inotora 5 e = Mn ^+2.

Chikamu chechipiri chechirongwa:

- S ^-2 inopa 2e = S ⁰

Tinoisa coefficients mukutanga, asi tisingakanganwi kuunganidza zvose maatomu esulfure muzvikamu zve equation.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ SO ₄ = 5S + 2 MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + Na ₂ SO ₄ .

Kuongororwa kweOBR nekubatanidzwa kwehydrogen peroxide

Kushandisa iOVP parsing algorithm, tinogona kugadzira kuenzanisa kwekuenderera mberi kwekuita:

Hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate = Mn SO ₄ + oksijeni + ... + ...

Dhiyabhorosi yakachinja oxyon ion (mu hydrogen peroxide) uye cation manganese mu potassium permanganate. Iko kuti, mutengesi anoderedza, uyewo oxidizer, aripo.

Tichaona kuti ndezvipi zvezvinhu zvinogona kuwanika mushure mekubatana. Chimwe chazvo chichava mvura, izvo zviri pachena kuti zvinogadziriswa pakati peasiti nemunyu. Potassium haina kuumba chinhu chitsva, chibereko chechipiri chikazova potassium munyu, iyo sulphate, sezvo yakagadziriswa ine sulfuric acid.

Scheme:

2O ^-anopa 2 magetsi uye anoshanduka kuva O ₂ ⁰ 5

Mn ⁺⁷ inotora magetsi mashanu uye inova Mnoni ⁺² 2

Tinoisa coefficients.

5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 = 5O2 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + K2SO4

Muenzaniso weRS analysis inosanganisira potassium chromate

Kushandisa nzira yekugadzirisa zvemagetsi, tichaisa iyo equation ne coefficients:

FeCl ₂ + hydrochloric acid + potassium chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

Dhigirii ye-oxidation yakashandisa simbi (mune iron II chloride) uye chromium ion mu potassium dichromate.

Iye zvino tichaedza kuongorora kuti ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa. Mumwe anogona kuva munyu. Sezvo pasiziyamu isina kuumba chero mutezo, naizvozvo, chigadzirwa chechipiri ndiwo potassium munyu, kunyanya, chloride, nokuti zvakagadziriswa zvine hydrochloric acid.

Ngatite urongwa:

Fe ⁺² inopa e = Fe ⁺³ 6 kuderedza mutengesi,

2Cr ^{+ 6} inotora 6 e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Tinoisa coefficients mukutanga kutaura:

6K ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H ₂ O + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

Muenzaniso weRS analysis inosanganisira potassium iodide

Takasungirirwa nemitemo, isu tichatsanisa e equation:

Potassium permanganate + sulfuric acid + potassium iodide ... manganese sulfate + iodine + ... + ...

Degrees of oxidation yakachinja manganese uye iodine. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anoderedza uye anogadziriswa aripo.

Iye zvino tava kuziva kuti chii chichapedzisira chaita matiri. Iyo pikisi ichava mu potassium, kureva kuti, tinowana potassium sulfate.

Kuvandudza zvirongwa zvinowanikwa muIon ion.

Ngatitei chirongwa chekutsvaga electron:

- Mn ⁺⁷ inotora 5 e = Mn ⁺² 2 inogadzirisa,

- 2I ^- inopa zvakare 2 e = I ₂ ⁰ 5 mutengesi unoderedza.

Tinoronga coefficients mukutanga, musakanganwa kuunganidza maatomu ose sulfuri mune iyi equation.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ SO ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ SO ₄ + 8H ₂ O

Muenzaniso weRS analysis inosanganisira sodium sulphite

Uchishandisa classical method, ngatinyorwei equation yedunhu:

- sulfuric acid + KMnO ₄ + sodium sulphite ... sodium sulfate + manganese sulphate + ... + ...

Mushure mokutaurirana, tinowana sodium inyu, mvura.

Ngatite urongwa:

- Mn ⁺⁷ inotora 5 e = Mn ⁺² 2,

- S ⁺⁴ inopa 2 e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Isu tinoisa coefficients mune zvatinoona pasi pekufungisisa, hatikanganwi kuwedzera maatomu esulfure apo coefficients inorongwa.

3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₃ = K ₂ SO ₄ + 2 MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

Muenzaniso wekutsvaga kweAVD inosanganisira nitrogen

Ita basa rinotevera. Kushandisa shanduro yegoridhe, ticharonga kutengesa kwakazara kwezvinoitika:

- manganese nitrate + nitric acid + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + Pb (NO ₃ ) ₂ +

Regai tiongorore kuti chii chiri kuumbwa. Sezvo zvakagadziriswa zvakaitika pakati pesimbi yakasimba uye munyu, zvinoreva kuti chinhu icho chichava mvura.

Ngationei kuchinja kwehuwandu hwema electrons:

- Mn ⁺² inopa 5 e = Mn ⁺⁷ 2 inoratidza zvinhu zvemugadziri wokuderedza,

- Pb ⁺⁴ inotora 2 e = Pb ⁺² 5 ine oxidizer.

3. Tinoronga ma coefficients mukutanga, tinofanira kuwedzera zvose nitrogen iripo muchikamu chekuruboshwe chekuenzanisa kwepakutanga:

- 2Mn (NO3) ₂ + 6HNO3 + 5PbO2 = 2HMnO4 + 5Pb (NO3) ₂ + 2H2O.

Muchiitiko ichi, kuderedza zvinhu zve nitrogen hazvionekwi.

Muenzaniso wechipiri weiyo oxidation-kuderedza kugadzirisa ne nitrogen:

Zn + sulfuric acid + HNO ₃ = ZNSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ inopa 2 e = Zn ⁺² 3 inyanzvi inoderedza,

N ⁺⁵ inotora 3 e = N ⁺² 2 inhengo ye-oxidizing.

Isu tinoisa coefficients pane zvakapiwa:

3Zn + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 = 3ZNSO4 + 2NO + 4H2O.

Kukosha kwehutayidheti-kuderedza kuderedzwa

Kugadziriswa kunonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye photosynthesis, unhu hwezvirimwa. Ko kuderedza zvinhu kunochinja sei? Izvo zvinotanga kuitika mu biosphere, zvichiita kuti kuwedzerwa kwesimba kuburikidza nechokunze. Ndiyo simba iro vanhu vanoshandisa pane zvarinoda. Pakati pemuenzaniso weiiiiii uye kuderedza kupindirana kunosanganiswa nemakemikari, kushandurwa kwe nitrogen, kabhoni, uye oksijeni makemikari zvakakosha zvikuru. Kutenda ku-photosynthesis, mhepo yepanyika inogadzirisa zvakadaro, izvo zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Kutenda ku-photosynthesis, kukosha kwekhabhoni dioxide mumhepo ganda haiti kuwedzera, nzvimbo yePasi haina kupisa. Miti yacho haisi kungoerekana ichisvika kuburikidza ne-oxidation-kuderedza kupindura, asiwo inogadzira zvinhu zvakadaro zvakakosha kumunhu semhepo, glucose. Pasina izvi makemikari anoita, kukwana kwakakwana kwezvinhu mumasikirwo hazvibviri, pamwe nekuvapo kwehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Kubatsira kushandiswa kweOVR

Kuti kuchengetedza nzvimbo yesimbi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyo inoshandiswa simbi inoderedza zvinhu, saka zvinokwanisika kupfeka nzvimbo nechepamusoro kwechimwe chinhu chinoshingaira, nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari errosi. Pamusana pekuvapo kwe-oxidation-kuderedza zvinhu, kuchenesa nekudzivirirwa kwemvura yekunwa kunoitwa. Hapana chinetso chingagadziriswa pasina kuisa coefficients mu equation zvakarurama. Kuti urege kudzikanganisa, zvakakosha kuva nemafungiro ezvose zvinogadzirisa-kuderedza miganhu.

Kudzivirirwa kurwisana nemakemikari

Imwe dambudziko rehupenyu hwevanhu uye basa iri kupisa. Somugumisiro wekemikemikari yekushandura ndiko kuparadzwa kwesimbi, kurasikirwa nehutano hwavo hwezvikamu zvemotokari, zvishandiso zvemashini. Kuti agadzirise dambudziko rakafanana, kubhururuka kunoshandiswa kunoshandiswa, kupfeka kwesimbi kunopenya kwevarnish kana pende, kushandiswa kweanticorrosive alloys. Semuenzaniso, simbi yepamusoro yakafukidzwa nesimbi yesimbi inoshanda - aluminium.

Mhedziso

Kuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwekudzorera kunoitika mumuviri womunhu, kuve nekugadzirisa kushanda kwekugadzirisa chirongwa chekudya. Zvinhu zvakadai zvakakosha zvebasa rinokosha, zvakadai sekuvirisa, kuora, kupumha, kunobatanidzawo nekudzorera zvinhu. Kuwana mikana yakadaro zvinhu zvose zvipenyu panyika yedu. Pasina kugadzikana ne kudzoka uye kugamuchirwa kwema electron, hazvibviri kubvisa maminera, kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi kweammonia, alkalis, acids. Mukuongorora makemikari, nzira dzose dzekutsvakurudza kwekutsvaga dzinobva pane zvakakonzerwa nekugadziriswa-kuderedza zvirongwa. Kurwisana nechiitiko chakadai chisingafadzi semakemikari akaoma, anowanikwawo kubva kune ruzivo rwezvinhu izvi.