Chirongwa 1144. Mufambi weProject 1144 Orlan

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, mauto ehurumende-maindasitiri akagomera zvishoma zvakanyanya: hurumende mirairo yakaonekwa, uye hurumende yakaguma "yaibva" kune pfungwa yokuti haisi pfungwa yakanaka kwazvo kupa mabasa ekugadzirwa kwezvikepe nemichina kune dzimwe nyika. Nhamo, asi kusvikira ikozvino zvakare-zvigadzirwa zvezvikepe zvishoma nezvishoma. Kusvika ikozvino, tinofanira kuramba tichifamba "varume vakuru", izvo zvakaiswa uye zvakavakwa muU.SR. Chirongwa 1144 chinoshandawo kune izvi.

Basic information

Ava ndivo vafambisi vane nzara ine plantrikliya , iyo yakagadziriswa uye yakatumirwa iyo yakaitwa pamuti weBaltic kubva muna 1973 kusvika muna 1998. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana inongova "nyonga" yenyukireya, sezvo pasina marwendo akadaro muzvikepe zveSoviet neRussia. NATO yakaongororawo midziyo iyi: hukuru hwavo uye nhumbi dzacho dzakafuridzira ruremekedzo chero ipi zvayo inogona kupikisana. Muvaki ari mutariri weprojekiti 1144 aiva Boris Kupensky. Pamupositi wechinyorwa chake aiva Yukhin Vladimir Evgenievich.

Kunyange zvakadaro zvingave zvisinganzwisisiki, zvikepe izvi chaizvoizvo hazvina matanho munyika ino kuvaka. Izvo zvizere zvachose, zvinobvumira kuita mabasa ekuparadza nzvimbo uye pasi pemvura zvidhori. Ngarava idzi dzakange dziine zvombo zvekusimba zvekirasi ino kuti zvaikwanisika nepamusoro-soro wekugonesa kuparadzwa zvachose kweanenge chero boka chero ripi zvaro ringava muvengi.

Purojekiti inozivikanwa 1144 ndeyekuti iyo ngarava ndiyo yakakura kupfuura dzose munyika, kwete kuverenga ndege dzevatakuri. Anonyanya kufanana neAmerica, mukepe weVirginia, ane 2,5 zvishoma zvishoma pakuenda. Iyi midziyo yakawanda-siyana: inogona kuita mishonga yenguva yakareba yekurwa mumativi ose emakungwa enyika, kutsigirwa uye inovhara zvose zviri pamusoro pezvikepe nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Nenzira yakawanda, vakange vakashongedzwa nezvose zvinenge zvitsva, izvo zvakasikwa muUSSR nenguva iyoyo. Iko simba guru rakakosha raiva Granit missile system.

Nhoroondo Yfupi Yenyaya

Pakupera kwaMarch 1973, yekutanga yenyukireya cruiser yeProject 1144 Kirov yakaiswa, iyo muna 1992 yakazova Admiral Ushakov. Pakupera kwaDecember 1977, yakanga yatotangwa, uye chaizvoizvo makore matatu gare gare chikepe, icho chakanga chapfuura maitiro ose ehondo uye kurwisana, chakanyatsoiswa kune Soviet Navy. Pakupera kwa1984, TARK "Frunze" akabatana nemapoka. Muna 1992cheteyo, yakanzi "Admiral Lazarev." Pakupedzisira, muna 1988, zvakanyatsoenderana neurongwa, zvikepe zvakagamuchira Tark "Kalinin", inozivikanwa kubva muna 1992 se "Admiral Nakhimov". Muna 1986, purogiramu iyi 1144 yakasvika pamhedziso yaro inonzwisisika: mabwendefa akaisa chikepe chekupedzisira "Peter the Great".

Pakutanga, zita rechikepe ichi chairo 1144 Orlan chaiva Kuibyshev kana Yuri Andropov, asi kuparara kweU.SR kwakanga kusina kuzadzika kune zvirongwa izvi. Pakati pekuvaka, nyika iyo chikepe ichi chakanga ichivakwa chakanga chisisipo, uye saka chivakwa chacho chakanga chakwanisa kupedzerwa muna 1996. Nokudaro, ngarava yacho yakagamuchira chikepe chekupedzisira chezvikamu izvi makore gumi chete mushure mekuiswa kwayo mumatanda.

Ko vafambisi veijekiti iyi vakagadzirwa sei?

Muna 1961, mauto eSoviet akaziva chokwadi chisingafadzi: muUnited States yakatanga nguva refu refu yenyukireya missile cruiser Long Beach. Izvi zvakakonzera kutsvakurudza kwepamba munharaunda yekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya semhepo yekufambisa kwezvikepe. Pamwechete, iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yakatarisirwa: USSR yakanga iri pamusoro pekuvandudzika kwayo, uye saka yakanga iri mukuda kukuru kwezvikepe zvehondo zvekare zvinogona kushanda kwenguva yakareba muga woga kubva kumasimba avo makuru.

Chigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya chakakonzera zvakanyanya pakubudirira kwekuita mabasa akadaro. Muna 1964, kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nesayenzi mundima iyi kwakanga kwave kuitwa munyika. Pakutanga, mishonga uye masayendisiti vakapiwa basa rekugadzira ngarava nechisimba chemashekeri masere zviuru.

Kurwisa vaviri

Izvo zvakagadziridzwa zvakaitwa kubva pakuona, nguva ipi neipi yekambani yeprojekti 1144 inofanira kuva nemukana wekutarisana nemhando dzose dzezvombo zvinowanikwa kune zvikepe zvingangove muvengi. Mukuwedzera, uto reSoviet rakanyatsofungidzira kutyisidzirwa kwakaitwa nendege yevavengi, saka vakakumbira kusikwa kwemhepo yakanyatsoshanda yakadzivirirwa mumasvingo. Pakutanga, varimi vaifunga kuti imwe yefambisi yeProject 1144 haingakwanisi kutakura zvombo zvakawanda zvakadaro. Saka pakutanga vaida kuumba zvikepe zviviri panguva imwechete : rudzi rwe1165 uye runyoro 1144. Vaifanira kuvharana, vachiita sese.

Pachikepe chokutanga kwaifanira kuve kupikisa ngarava, pane yechipiri - zvombo zvinopesana nemagetsi. Zvombo zvinopesana-ndege zvaifanira kugamuchirwa zvakaenzana, izvo zvakasimbisa kusikwa kwesimba rekudzivirira mhepo. Asi zvakadaro, kubudirira kweSaviet yesayenzi uye teknolojia yakafananidza kuvepo kwekuderedza mitambo yakawanda yekutakura, uye yakasarudzwa kusiya nzira isingakoshi yekugadzirisa simba kwezvikepe zviviri. Yese mabasa ehando 1165 akaregwa, zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakaendeswa kune zvombo zvenyukireya zvePurogiramu 1144 Orlan.

Kuwedzera mune zvombo uye kushanduka

Munguva yebasa racho, ngarava yakagamuchira zvombo zvakawanda, izvo zvakakonzera kukurumidza kukura kwayo. Somugumisiro, hapana munhu akayeuka chikepe chepakutanga chekudzivirira kwemauto emvura, sezvo vanjiniya vakapiwa rusununguko rwakakwana yekugadzira guru guru rokutakura kune imwe nyika nekutama kwemasviki 20 000. Zvakasarudzwa kuisa mu "stuffing" yayo yose mitambo yezvino yemazuva ano iyo Soviet Union yakakwanisa kuumba panguva iyoyo. Yakanga iri iyo iyo mhando itsva yezvikepe yakawanikwa - ine nzara ine nuclear missile cruiser (TAKR). Vatyairi vatsva vePurogiramu 1144 Orlan vakavimbiswa kuti vachava kadhi yakavimbiswa uye yakasimba yehwamanda yeSoviet yose yemakungwa.

Pakupedzisira, zvaidiwa pamotokari itsva zvakabudiswa muna 1972. Iyo purojekiti yakagadzirwa nekukurumidzira nokukurumidza muLeningrad. Sezvakadaro mumatambudziko ose akadaro, masayendisiti nevanjiniya vakashanda pasi pekutungamirirwa kwete chete nevatungamiri vayo, asiwo muchengeti wezvikepe. Panguva ino yaive Mutungamiri wechipiri AA Savin. Iyi nzira yakabvumira vaNavy kuti vawane zvikepe izvo zvavaida, vachigadzirisa zvakakodzera munguva yebasa.

Kuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa

Inofanira kurangarirwa kuti yechipiri, chechitatu nechina yezvombo zvenyukireya zveMradi 1144 dzaifanira kuvakwa maererano nehutano, huri nani huri nani huri hunodiwa 11442. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa kushandura nzira dzisati dzasati dzave dzisina kugadziriswa nemhando itsva dzezvombo: shongwe yakapetwa makumi matanhatu nemakumi matatu emasikati yakatsiva "Dirk" yakakwana. Panzvimbo ye "Osa" air defense missile system, "Dagger" yakagadziriswa, mhando yezvisikwa zvepasi rose yakawedzerwa kusvika 130 mm, "anti-submarine" "Metel" yakashandura yakasimbiswa "Waterfall", maitiro matsva emabhodhi (zvakadzama zvinodhura), nezvimwewo zvakasimwa.

Pakutanga, zvaifungidzirwa kuti vose vanofamba nengarava yePurojekiti 1144 mushure meKirov vachavakwa chaiyo purojekiti iyi, asi iyo mabhizimisi yakanga isingakundiki: kwete zvese izvi zvombo zvakakwanisa kuunza mutsa unoda, uye saka vanoisa izvo zvavakanga vatopedza. Nokudaro chaizvoizvo (nechokusava nechokugadzirisa) kune purojekiti 11442 inongova "Peter Mukuru," uye yezvikepe zvechipiri neyechitatu inotora nzvimbo iri pakati, shanduko. Ndizvo zvakaitwa ne "Orlan" (1144), iyo yemazuva ano iyo ngarava ichiripo nanhasi.

Basic design features

Muviri wega wega "Orlan" unoratidzwa nehafu yakawanda yehafu-tank. Muchiitiko chacho - 16 makamuri makuru, ayo akaparadzana kubva kune mumwe nemasangano asina mvura. Kune zvigaro zvishanu zvakakwana pahurefu hwose hwechivako. The hydro acoustic complex "Polynom" yakaiswa muhuta. Kumucheto kune hangar (pasi pedonhi), iyo inobvumira kuiswa kwevatatu chete-anti-submarine helicopters Ka-27. Kune zvikwata zve helicopter, uyewo matanki ekuchengetedza helicopter mafuta.

Pasi pedo kune kamuri iyo yakashandura antenna yePolynom complex inoburuka. Zvinenge zvese masimba emutumbi wemuviri anogadzirwa nema magnesium-aluminium alloys. Kurongeka kwezvombo ndekwechidiki - zvizhinji zvehondo dzakakosha dziri kumucheto uye nemhino.

Zvidziviriro zvechikepe

Chimwe Chimwe Chinyorwa 1144 missile cruiser ine simba rinorwisa anti-torpedo, pasi rinowanikwa pasi rose. Izvo zvikamu zvinokosha zvechikepe zviri munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa nezvombo. Bhanhire zvombo zvekugadzirisa zvayo hazvisipo (sezvikepe zvemazuva ano). Idziviriro huru inowanikwa pakadzika kwenyaya yacho. Kusiyana kwevamwe vanofamba panguva iyoyo ndeyekuti TAKR ine ganda rakasvibiswa kubva kumucheto kusvika kumapapiro matatu mamita akakwirira. Meter - pasi pemvura, 2.5 mamita - kuchengetedzwa kwemotokari nevashandi.

Uye izvi zvinoratidzawo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikepe zvekirasi ino, sezvo cruisers inorema zvikuru inotenderedzwa yeProjekti 1144 ndiyo yekutanga midziyo mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri iyo inyanzvi yekugadzirisa iyo inopa. Makombiyuta emakamuri, reakita uye maketheni edomet anochengetedzwa nema 100 mm nhumbi dzakakura. Nzvimbo dzokurwisana uye chirevo chemashure chechikepe chinodzivirirwa zvakafanana. Ikoko pane zvombo zvakakomberedza helicopter hangar, zvinyorwa zvemafu zvakachengetedzwa zvakafanana. Zvokurima zvinowanikwa munzvimbo iyoyo.

Powerplant

Iyo yakashandiswa inoshandisa yakagadzirisa KN-3 (pamwe nenzvimbo inoshandiswa BM-16). Iyi yekugadziriswa inoburitsa zvakananga ye-ice-break reactors OK-900, asi yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kwavari. Icho chikuru chinokonzera chinonzi uranium ine chikwata chakanaka chekugadzirisa. Pane imwe nzvimbo yegesi, cruiser inogona kushanda kwemakore gumi. Vadzidzisi vanoita maviri-dunhu, munharaunda imwe neimwe, mvura inoshandiswa semhepo inotakura (kunyanya, inoshandiswa). Iyi mvura inokosha yakakura kwazvo yekunatswa, ichifamba ichienda kunzvimbo inoshanda pasi pekumanikidzwa kwema2 atmospheres. Izvi zvinopa kupisa nguva pfupi kwechipiri dunhu uye kukwirira kwakakwana kwemuti wose.

Simba rekushandisa rinoshandisa chirongwa chemashizha maviri, uye chimwe nechimwe chazvo "chinoshanda" che 70 000 litita. With. Yakanyatsosungirwa mumakamuri matatu apt. Nhamba yose ye nyukliya inokonzera iviri, iyo yose yakakwana ine 342 MW. Kuenzanisa, Permskaya GRES inobereka 2,400 megawatts, saka ngarava inodya simba, izvo zvakakwana kuguta, iro rinogara kune 100-150 zviuru zvevanhu. Kune mabhiri maviri ekuchengetedza mumakamuri emagetsi (pamwe nepamusoro).

Inofanira kurangarirwa kuti Project 1144 Orlan ine reserve power unit (kwete atomic), iyo inobvumira chikepe kuti chikure nekukurumidza kwemashoko gumi nemana. Mafuta edieleri yakadai zvokuti cruiser inogona kupfuura kusvika 1 300 nautical miles. Paunenge uchishandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, mudziyo unogona kukura kusvika kusvika kumajena makumi matatu, uye simba rinochengetedza kuva zvisingagumi. Zvinyorwa zvinofungidzira zveimba yacho zvinopa zvikepe izvi zvakanaka kwazvo, izvo zvinovabvumira kuvhara kure kure mu nguva shoma.

Mashoko pamusoro pevashandi

Pakupedzisira, vashandi vacho vane vanhu 759, vanosanganisira zana 120. Iko kune zviuru 1 600 zvigaro zvese zvakakwana. Kuti vagare mahofisi nevatungamiri vemauto 140 makamuri asina kukwana anopa, pane makumi matatu vashandi vanochengetedza vafambisi vengarava, vatungamiri vanogara mumakabheni ane simba revanhu 8-30. Mhuri inoda kugovera makamuri gumi ekugeza uye mabhati maviri, pane dziva rokudhara rinoyera 6x2.5 mamita uye sauna.

Kune zvido zvezvechiremba zvinosangana neyuniki yemazinga maviri, iyo inosanganisira nzvimbo yekunze kwepati uye yekamuri yekushandisa yakakwana, vachengeti, hofisi yamazino, uye pharmacy. Chimiro chimiro chevarwi vanogona kutsigira mune zvekurovedza, vakagadzirirwa zvakakwana nezvose zvinogona kuitika simulators. Kune zvivako zvitatu zvewadi, imwe nzvimbo yezororo yekuzorora, pamwe chete nekaona chaiyo.

Simba guru revatongi 1144

Sezvatave tataura, basa rehurumende huru rinotambidzwa neP-700 "Granit". Idzi ndidzo misoro yezera rechitatu, supersonic, iyo inoratidza kuti ndiyo nzira yechinangwa pane yakadzika zvikuru. Kurema kwavo kunosvika matani manomwe, uye pavanosvika vanokura nekukurumidza kusvika ku 2.5 Mach (2.5 kaviri nekukurumidza kudarika kukurumidza kwezwi), vanogona kutakura mhepo inoputika kusvika 750 kilogram. Chechipiri sarudzo iyi inokwana mazana mashanu-kiloton nyukliya inofambisa kure nemakiromita 625. Kureba kwe rocket kune mamita gumi, iyo yakareba masendimita 85. Pane imwe yakaoma kune 20 projectiles yakadaro yakaiswa pachigadziko chemadhigirii makumi matanhatu kusvika panzvimbo yepamusoro. Iko kushandiswa kwezvikwata zvakaitwa muLeningrad.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti maGranites aimbova nechinangwa chekudzidzira kubva kumakungwa engarava, saka naizvozvo hondo isati yatanga kugadzirwa kwayo yakazara nemvura yegungwa. Dzorera pasi zvombo izvi zvakaoma zvikuru. Vagadziri vakagadzirisa izvo kunyange nekukundwa kweGranite pamwe nekubvumira missile, iyo inochengetedza simba rekunyengedzera re simba rakadaro zvokuti rinokwanisa kusvika kusvika pane chinangwa.

Kudzivirirwa pamusoro pemhepo yekurwa

Chikonzero chekudzivirirwa kwezvombo pamakungwa aya ndiS-300F (Fort), mitsvuku inoshandiswa iyo yakaiswa pasi pechikepe chechikepe. Nhamba yakazara yezvombo zvinopikisa ndege ndeyezvikamu 96. Pamusoro pe "Peter Mukuru" yakaiswa shanduro yeS-300FM yakashandurwa "Fort-M", iyo inowanikwa mune imwe kopi. Panguva imwechete, dambudziko rakadaro rinogona kukonzera kusvika kune zvinangwa zvitanhatu, panguva imwe chete zvichienda pamwe neimwe 12. Chimwe che "tarisiro" chinotungamirirwa nemisasa, uye izvi hazvidziviriri nekugona kupindira mumhepo iyo munhu anokwanisa kuisa.

Zvikepe zvakakura zveProject 1144 Orlan zvino inotakura 94 zvombo izvi. Kuderera kwehuwandu hwavo kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwehukuru uye hutsika hunhu. Pakutanga, iyi yakakosha yakaoma yakasikwa pamusana pekunze kwemauto air defense S-Z00PMU2 "Favorit". Kubatsira kwaro pamusoro peshoko re "Fort" nderokuti rinogona kugunura zvinangwa pamakiromita anenge 150, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kukwirira kwemamita mamita gumi chete, iyo inonyanya kukosha mumamiriro eRCC, iyo "inonamatira" kuti ibhururuke kune chinangwa chiri pasi. Kuwedzera kwekugoverwa kwenharaunda yakagadziriswa kwakagadziriswa nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwakajeka kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumagetsi ehurumende yakaoma.

Chikamu chechipiri cheAABM

SAM "Dagger" ndiyo yechipiri "kusimbisa" kweTAKR. Nechepfungwa, yaifanira kuiswa pazvikepe zvose zvegadziriro yakarongedzwa 11442, asi chaizvoizvo zvombo izvi zvakagamuchirwa pamwe chete "Petro". Chinangwa ndechekuona uye kuparadza zvinangwa zvakakwanisa kuputsa kuburikidza nemutsetse wekutanga wemasvingo ekudzivirira massile. Simba guru rinowedzera munyaya iyi imisipiresi yakasimba -Mafuta 9M330, ayo akabatanidzwa zvachose nenyika yakakurumbira yakaoma "Tor-M1".

Izvo zvinoshamisa zvezvi projectiles ndezvekuti dzinodzingwa kunze kwegomba rekudzidzira nekasa rakakosha, uye ipapo chete ndiyo inofamba injini inotanga. Iyi nzira yakabvumira kunyanya kuderedza uremu hwavo uye hukuru hunhu huripo nekuchengetedza chinangwa.

Iyo yakaoma inodzokorora zvakare, mavhiri anoenda maminitsi matatu oga oga. Muchidimbu mamiriro, zvinangwa zvinogona kuonekwa kwemakiromita makumi mashanu, nguva yekuita - kusvika masere masere. Nhamba yepanguva imwechete inodzingwa uye kuperekedzwa zvinangwa zvinosvika kuchina. Iyi yekugadzirisa inoshanda zvakakwana, pasina kuda kuendeswa nevashandi. Maererano nemugadziri, ari mungarava imwe chete inofanira kunge ine zvombo makumi maviri nemaviri kune "Daggers".

Chikamu chechitatu cheAABM

The zvakaoma pedo mupomerwi - "Dirk". Akatsiva vakwegura zvikuru-dhiramu matanhatu setup. Sezvaiitwa yapfuura zvazvingava, maitiro anogona zvikavengwa chamber chipfuro ari zvizere otomatiki nzira. kukunda chinangwa zvinopa upgraded-dhiramu matanhatu chikwata (zvidimbu zviviri), zvachose mwero iri zviuru 10 vaitenderera paminiti. "Kutya" kuti inoperera vaviri ina 9M311 zvombo nerimwe. Vari kuzivikanwa kusabatana-makirisito rwisana mabhanzi uye contactless fiyuzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti chombo yarova kupfura chete nokuva pedyo naye, izvo zvinoshamisa kunowedzera mukana wokuti kwemamiriro muvengi projectile pasi.

The turret nzvimbo neimwe chikwata angava zvombo zvakadaro muna 32 mumagaba. Ivo yakabatanidzwa pamwe kunzwisisa nyika 2S6 "Tunguska". Anogona kuita mabasa rokuputsa Anti-chikepe zvombo, wakatungamirira mabhomba, ndege, helicopters uye drones muvengi. Zvombo zvinokandwa "Dirk" anogona kuwana nangananga nechokure mumwe uye imwe hafu kune makiromita masere, moto-barreled nhanhatu inokwana zviyero kuva kure 50 kusvika 150 metres kubva kurutivi chikepe.

Vanogona kutsikwa huru dzichibhururuka akasvibira padaro rinenge kubvira zvishanu zviuru zvina mamita. Full zvombo "Kortikov" riri 192 zvitundumuseremusere uye 36,000 vaitenderera. Panguva iyoyo chirongwa 1144, ari mazuvaano iyo harusati rwapera, chinozadzwa nani shanduro zvivako izvi.

Haiwa, asi nhasi hapana ruzivo, kana akaita chinhu mazuvaano rakazara nezvikepe mukirasi ichi, Yaizotsiviwa zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano dzomuzana. Tinovimba kuti izvi zvichaitwa. New sevatsvaki vemapuranga chirongwa ichi chiri pachena kwete kutarisirwa, saka kuti yasara inofanira nyatsotarira chaizvo.