Birch bark - chiitiko chakakosha chenhoroondo

Birch bark tsamba ndezvemashoko ega ega uye magwaro e10-16 mazana ezviuru, zvinyorwa zvayo zvakashandiswa kune birch bark. Mamwe mapepa akadai akawanikwa nevanozvinyorwa veRussia muNovegorod muna 1951 panguva yekufambisa kune zvinyorwa zvecherache pasi pekutarisa kwezvakaitika kare A.A. Artsikhovsky. Kubva panguva iyoyo mukukudza kweizvi kuwana gore negore muNovgorod yaipemberera zuva rezororo - Birchbark Day. Rwendo irworwo rwakaunza mamwe mapepa mapfumbamwe akadai, uye muna 1970 vakanga vatowana zvikamu 464. Novgorod birchbark tsamba archaeologists inowanikwa mumiganhu yevhu, uko zvakasara zvemiti uye marara ekare zvakachengetedzwa.

Nyaya dzakawanda dzebhii bark mabhuku evanhu. Vakabata pamatambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi uye ezuva nezuva, vakatumwa mirairo uye vakarondedzera kukakavadzana. Birch-bark tsamba yehafu-joking uye kwete zvinyorwa zvakanyanya zvakawanikwawo. Mukuwedzera, Arkhipovskiy akawana makopi ayo aiva nemhirizhonga yevagari vekurwisana nevakuru, kunyunyuta pamusoro pekuguma kwavo uye mazita ezvakaipa zvakashata.

Musoro weBirch bark zvinyorwa wakakonzerwa netsika yakajeka uye yepakutanga - yakatsveyamiswa nekunyoreswa kwakanyatsosimbiswa nesimbi kana pfupa kunyora (pini). Pre-birch bark yakashandurwa kuitira kuti tsamba idzi dzibude pachena. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsara wacho wakaiswa pamusana weBirch bark mumutsara, mumatambudziko akawanda pasina kupatsanurwa kuva mazwi. Pakunyora zvinenge zvisingamboshandisi inki isina kusimba. Birchbark inowanzopfupi uye inokurudzira, inongowanikwa chete iyo inonyanya kukosha. Ichokwadi chokuti iyo nyanzvi uye munyori anoziva, haitauri.

Muzvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza uye mumamyuziyamu, mabhuku akawanda ekupedzisira uye tsamba dzakanyorerwa mabhiriki anochengeterwa. Akawanikwa kunyange mabhuku ose. S.V. Maximov, munyori wenhoroondo yeRussia uye munyori, akati iye pachake akaona bhaki bark bhuku muMezen neVanotenda Vakare.

Birch bark, sechinhu chokunyora uye kutumira mashoko, yakapararira muzana remakore rechi11, asi rakarashika kukosha kwayo kusvika muzana remakore rechi15. Ndiyo iyo iyo yakapararira kushandiswa pakati pevanhu veRussia vakawana pepa raive risingakoshi. Kubvira panguva iyo birch bark yakashandiswa semamwe mativi ezvinyorwa zvekunyora. Kazhinji yakashandiswa nevanhu vanowanzoita zvinyorwa zvemunhu uye mabhairiro ega, uye tsamba dzepamutemo nemashoko ehurumende zvakakosha zvakanyorwa pacheki.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, bark bark yakasiya upenyu. Mune imwe yetsamba dzakawanikwa, mune zvikwangwani zvakaendeswa kune hurumende, vatsvakurudzi vakawana murayiridzo wekunyora zvakare zviri mukati mutsamba weBirch bark kune chechi uye chete ndokutumira kukheli.

Kuverenga nekunyora kunopiwa zvikurukuru ne-stratigraphic method - pamusana pehupamhi iyo chinhu chakawanikwa. Chimwe chiverengero chemashoko pamusoro pebark bark chinoverengwa nekuda kwekutaura kwezviitiko zvezvakaitika kare kana vanhu vanokosha mavari.

Birch bark tsamba inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yemutauro wedu. Izvo ndezvekuti vagoita nguva yekuverenga kana chiyero chekurumbira kwechimiro chechimiro, uyewo nguva yekuonekwa uye etymology yezwi. Kune mazwi akawanda anowanika mumakata asingazivikanwi kune mamwe maRussia akaRussia sources. Zvechokwadi aya ndiwo mazwi ezuva nezuva anokosha, ayo aisava nemukana wekupinda muzvinyorwa zvevanyori venguva iyoyo.