Chinangwa kwemaindasitiri Soviet Union. Makore kwemaindasitiri, ayo mberi, zvabuda

Socialist kwemaindasitiri nyika akapinda nhoroondo sezvo muitiro rakasikwa muna bhizimisi rake ano uye paumbwe unyanzvi midziyo munzanga. Kunze makore ehondo uye nguva post-hondo zvoupfumi rokuvakazve, iye Anofukidza nguva nguva kubva mukupera maviri kuti mangwanani sixties, asi mukuru mutoro akawira pasi ake hurongwa-gore mashanu vokutanga.

kudiwa mazuvaano kuti indasitiri

Chinangwa kwemaindasitiri chaiva kukurira backlog anokonzerwa nekusagona ari NEP kupa zvakakodzera pamwero unyanzvi kwemashoko National upfumi. Kana nzvimbo dzakadai chiedza indasitiri, zvokutengeserana uye mabasa, pane kufambira mberi, zvino kuva mumakore inorema indasitiri pahwaro private guta zvakanga zvisingaiti. Zvikonzero zvaisanganisira kwemaindasitiri uye kudiwa muchiuto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa.

Ronga kutanga Five

Kuti vabudirire zvinangwa pasi utungamiriri Stalin yakanga yakataurwa makore mashanu zvoupfumi hurongwa (1928-1932 gg.), Chakagamuchirwa muna April 1929 pamusangano mumwe webato musangano. The mabasa basa vashandi vane maindasitiri ose, vakawanda vavo vakapfuura yaaizova chaiwo vatambi. Zvisinei, gwaro iri aiva nesimba Order kupiwa nguva yehondo, uye haana pasi nhaurirano.

Maererano rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu, zvakanga aifanira kuwedzera maindasitiri kugadzirwa nevanhu 185% uye inorema michina kuzadzisa kugadzirwa kukura nokuda 225%. Kuti vave nechokwadi zviratidzo izvi rakarongwa kuzadzisa mukuru ubereke nokuita 115%. Anobudirira Implementation kuronga, maererano Developers, vanofanira kunge zvakakonzera nokuwedzera avhareji mubayiro ari kugadzira zvekutepfenyura kubudikidza 70%, ukuwo mari yevashandi okurima yakawedzera 68%. Kusvika zvakakwana pamwero kupa hurumende nezvokudya, chirongwa akadana nezvokupindira iri mumapurazi ari kusvika 20% varimi.

Industrial mhirizhonga kunotangira nhokwe basa

Nechekare munguva kuurayiwa urongwa vave yekudyidzana akaderedza nguva kuvakwa vakawanda huru maindasitiri mabhizimisi uye bhuku zvokurima Kugadzirwa rinopiwa zvawanzwa. Izvi zvakaitwa pasina michina kururamiswa. The kukarukureta kwaibva zvikurukuru pamusoro mukuru nechido, kudziyisa hombe-pamwero anoparadzirwa chirongwa. Mumwe masirogani makore iwayo kwakanga kudanwa kuita chirongwa-gore mashanu mumakore mana.

Kunyanya kwemaindasitiri makore iwayo yaiva kumanikidzwa maindasitiri kuvakwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuderedza nguva Five huru anenge kaviri, gore negore kuwedzera mukurima yakasvika 30%. Ukuwo, ikawanda uye collectivization zvirongwa. Kwakadaro basa nhokwe vanongoerekana kusika mhirizhonga umo imwe kwemauto asina nguva kukura kwavo zvimwe, dzimwe nguva ukama navo. Izvi anobvisa chero zvinoita vakaronga pakukura hwenyika.

Mugumisiro nzira shanu

Nokuti nguva vomuzana gore mashanu nechinangwa kwemaindasitiri zvizere haana dzamboparidzirwa. Mumaindasitiri dzakawanda nhamba chaiyo zvikuru kwete kusvikira kurongwa zvakawanda. Izvi zvikurukuru nedambudziko simba kugadzirwa, uye kugadzirwa simbi uye vakakanda simbi. Asi, zvakadaro, pane zvave zvinokosha mberi pakasikwa zvakaoma nemauto-maindasitiri ose concomitant kwezvivako.

Danho rechipiri kwemaindasitiri

Muna 1934, urongwa rakagamuchirwa Yechipiri Year Five Plan. Chinangwa kwemaindasitiri munyika iyi yaiva pokugadzwa basa akaitwa yakavakwa mumakore yapfuura makore mashanu, uyewo kwakapararira kubviswa mhirizhonga zvabuda kuti yakabuda munzvimbo indasitiri nokuda kwoUmambo zvazviri sakodzera dzakakwirira prices okukura.

In vaigadzirira zano vakanga zvikuru kufungwa zvinokanganiswa kare. The hombe Vhoriyamu mari akagovera kugadzirwa, uye vakagamuchira zvikuru pfungwa matambudziko chokuita dzidzo hwokugadzira yechipiri uye yakakwirira. Sarudzo yavo zvakanga zvakakodzera inonzi National upfumi wandei unyanzvi nenyanzvi zvakakwana.

Kurera mishandirapamwe muna-gore mashanu zvirongwa

Nechekare pamakore aya, munyika kwemaindasitiri, migumisiro havasi refu kuuya. Mumaguta, uye pamwe muruwa wedzerai kwakavandudza zvinooneka. Kazhinji zviso zvinodiwa nevanhu vari mutengi pfuma. The chikero kubudirira ichi dzinongoita yakawedzera kubva munyika pamwero mukuru anoparadzirwa danidziro ndivanaMesiya zvose mbiri chete Communist Party uye mutungamiri waro Stalin.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti mumakore ose kwemaindasitiri akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kwakapararira okusuma michina yemhando yepamusoro munzvimbo zhinji kugadzirwa vachiri hunodzorwa remaoko, uye apo kubudirira negoho kukura nokuda Michina yaisagona kushandiswa manyepo nzira. Muenzaniso iri kutumirwa makore iwayo, akakurumbira Stakhanovite kufamba. Munhangemutange Nhoroondo goho kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vamwe drummers, izvo mabasa ose kugadzirira kambani vakagamuchira mibayiro uye mibayiro, uye vamwe chete kunowedzera mwero akadana kana ichi akaenzana zvakanakisisa vashandi.

Results mashanu okutanga

Muna 1937, Stalin vakazivisa kuti chinangwa kwemaindasitiri zvikurukuru kubudirira, uye gutsaruzhinji inovakwa. Uye dzakawanda kukundikana mukurima imhaka kunongoitirwa nemanomano vavengi vevanhu, kuzorwa ani rakavambwa wakakura zvikuru kutya. Kana gore papera akapedza chechipiri urongwa-gore mashanu, zvino sezvo ahwo kukosha ndechokuti uchapupu kukura kwezvinhu yenguruve simbi iri maviri nehafu nguva, simbi - katatu, uye motokari - pa masere.

Kana ari maviri aiva evasingatombonamati agrarian nyika, zvava muindasitiri-agrarian pakupera rechipiri urongwa-gore mashanu. Pakati mumatanho izvi maviri ndiwo makore zvechokwadi titanic basa vose. Munguva yepashure pehondo Soviet Union akava simba maindasitiri rudzi. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti mugovanisi kwemaindasitiri rakapedzwa pakutanga sixties. Panguva ino vakawanda vacho vaigara mumaguta, uye akanga vaiita maindasitiri kugadzirwa.

Mumakore ose kwemaindasitiri, maindasitiri matsva dzakadai motokari, Aerospace, zvemakemikari uye zvemagetsi maindasitiri. Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti hurumende akadzidza kuzvidzora kubereka zvose zvinokosha zvavanoda. Kana tanga zvokushandisa pakugadzira mushonga yabva kumwe yava kudiwa zvakanzi inopiwa private indasitiri.