Chii mabasa muchitokisi kuita nucleic asidhi? Marongerwo kushanda nucleic acids

Nucleic acids basa rinokosha muchitokisi, kuona kwayo kushanda uye kubereka. ehupfumi izvi kuti tikwanise kudana kwavari Biomolecules rechipiri chinokosha pashure mapuroteni. Vatsvakurudzi Vazhinji kunyange rubanzu DNA uye RNA pakutanga, zvichireva kukosha kwavo chikuru kukura upenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanofanira kutora nzvimbo rechipiri shure mapuroteni, nekuti nheyo upenyu inongova polipetidnaya Morekuru.

Nucleic acids - iri rakasiyana azvipire upenyu zvikuru kunzwisisa uye dzinonakidza nemhaka yokuti mumwe mhando Morekuru ane chaizvo basa kwaari. Izvi zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvizere.

Pfungwa yacho nucleic acids

All nucleic asidhi (DNA uye RNA) vari zvoutachiona heterogeneous Polymers izvo zvisingapindirani kwenhamba matunhu. DNA ndiyo miviri nezano polymeric Morekuru kuti rine majini mashoko ose eukaryotic zvipenyu. Circular morekuru reDNA ingasanganisira majini mashoko vamwe wanda. HIV iri uye adenovirus. Panewo rinokosha mhando 2 DNA: mitochondrial uye plastid (inowanikwa chloroplasts).

RNA ane yakakura rudzi kuti zviri kukonzerwa akasiyana nucleic asidhi mabasa. Kune RNA zvenyukireya, rine majini ruzivo mabhakitiriya uye mavhairasi akawanda, chizvaro (kana mutumwa RNA), ribosomal uye zvifambiso. Vose vanobatanidzwa mune kana kuchengetera kuvabereki mashoko, kana Gene okuti. Zvisinei, iyo inoshanda muchitokisi ishande nucleic asidhi zvinokosha kunzwisisa muudzame hukuru zvikuru kwazvo.

Double-nezano morekuru reDNA

Izvi mhando DNA - ndiko kwegadziriro kuchengetera magene mashoko akakwana. Double-nezano morekuru reDNA imwe Morekuru zvinosanganisira heterogeneous monomers. Chinangwa chavo paumbwe rehydrogen zvisungo pakati nucleotides nezvimwe nengetani. Self DNA monomer rine nitrogenous chawo, vakasara orthophosphate uye shanu-kabhoni monosaccharide deoxyribose. Zvichienderana hworudzii senitrogen chawo ari hwaro imwe DNA monomer, ine zita vayo. Mhando DNA monomers:

• deoxyribose moiety pamwe orthophosphate uye adenylic nitrogenous chawo;
• thymidine nitrogenous nechigadziko uye deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate;
• cytosine nitrogenous hwaro uye vakasara desoksiriboza orthophosphate;
• orthophosphate pamwe deoxyribose uye nitrogenous guanine vakasara.

Tsamba nokuti anoitwa mudunhu maumbirwo DNA adenylic vakasara runotaurwa se "A", guanine - "G", thymidine - "T" uye cytosine - "C". Zvakakosha kuti majini mashoko kubva miviri-nezano DNA kupinda mutumwa RNA. Kusiyana kake: pano sezvo carbohydrate moiety haana deoxyribose uye ribose, uye pachinzvimbo thymidylic nitrogenous chawo uracil kunoitika muna RNA.

Marongerwo uye basa DNA

DNA yakavakirwa panheyo munhu zvipenyu polymer, umo cheni mumwe akasikwa pachine ari muenzaniso akafanorongerwa zvichienderana majini mashoko ari mubereki muchitokisi. DNA Nukleodidy chokuita ne covalent zvisungo. Zvadaro, maererano nheyo complementarity kuti nucleotides ari mamorekuru chete-nezano vari tuhova nucleotides. Kana rimwe-nezano nucleotide Morekuru rinotaurwa kutanga adenine, wechipiri (nopindirana) wedunhu zvichaita anoenderana thymine. Guanine ndiko nopindirana kuti cytosine. Saka, kaviri nezano morekuru reDNA inovakwa. It ari tsanga uye rinochengeta mashoko nenhaka kuti encoded codons - vatatu kubva nucleotides. Mashandiro anoita miviri-nezano DNA:

• Kuchengetedza yakatorwa mubereki muchitokisi nhaka ruzivo;
• Gene okuti;
• chipingamupinyi kushandura yezvakaita mutation.

Meaning of mapuroteni uye nucleic acids

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mashandiro mapuroteni uye nucleic acids zvakafanana, kureva, ivo urimowo Gene okuti. Nucleic asidhi pacharo - ndiko kwavo okuchengetera nzvimbo uye puroteni - ndiwo magumo mugumisiro kuverenga mashoko kubva zviratidzo. Gene pacharo chinhu chinokosha mugove mumwe morekuru reDNA mumapepa ari chromosome, umo mashoko wakanyorwa nucleotides pakati sechivako zvikuru mapuroteni. Imwe Gene inofananidzira ari amino iine acid kutevedzana mapuroteni mumwe chete. Kuti puroteni zvichaita kushandisa nhaka ruzivo.

The kupatsanura pakati mhando RNA

Mashandiro anoita nucleic acids muchitokisi vari siyana chaizvo. Uye vari kupfuura kuwanda nyaya RNA. Zvisinei, multifunctionality ichi ichiri hama nekuti mumwe mhando RNA ndiye mumwe mabasa. Panyaya iyi, zvinotevera mhando RNA:

• renyukireya RNA nemavhairasi uye utachiona;
• chizvaro (ruzivo) RNA;
• ribosomal RNA;
• mutumwa RNA plasmids (the chloroplast);
• chloroplast ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial chizvaro RNA;
• uchatamisa RNA.

RNA mabasa

kupatsanura Izvi zvinopa marudzi inoverengeka RNAs kuti vakakamurwa maererano nzvimbo. Zvisinei, muna dzichipfekeka mashoko, vanofanira akakamurwa 4 marudzi ose; muna zvenyukireya, mashoko, ribosomal uye zvifambiso. Ribosomal RNA basa iri mapuroteni usage kwakavakirwa nucleotide kutevedzana remutumwa RNA. Saka amino asidhi "tireyi" kune ribosomal RNA "strung" pamusoro mutumwa RNA, achishandisa kuchinjwa ribonucleic acid. Saka reongororo Ndakatengesa chero muviri kuti ane ribosome. Marongerwo kushanda nucleic acids uye zvinopa Kuchengetedzwa kuvabereki zvinhu, uye kuita puroteni usage rikurumidze.

Mitochondrial nucleic asidhi

Kana chii mabasa muchitokisi kuita nucleic asidhi yaiva musimboti kana cytoplasm kuti dzinenge zvose anozivikanwa, pamusoro mitochondrial uye plastid DNA mashoko, hapana. It vakawanawo yakananga ribosomal uye mutumwa RNA. The nucleic acids DNA uye RNA varipo pano kunyange autotrophic zvinenge.

Zvichida nucleic asidhi anopinda musero kubudikidza symbiogenesis. nzira iyi runoonekwa masayendisiti sendarama zvichida nemhaka yokushayiwa dzimwe tsanangudzo. Masero anonzi sezvinotevera: mukati sero kuti mumwe nguva akauya symbiontic avtorofnaya utachiona. Somugumisiro, ichi akaryote anogara mukati masero uye kukutsigira pamwe simba, asi zvishoma nezvishoma inoderedza.

In kwokutanga nzendo shanduka, zvichida nezvombo zvenyukireya, vakasununguka symbiotic utachiona vakatamira mutational pezvakaitwa vari musimboti musero. Izvi akabvumira majini anokonzera tiine ruzivo nemamiriro ari mitochondrial mapuroteni dawo kupinda nucleic asidhi wehondo muchitokisi. Zvisinei, zviri pamusoro chii Unoshanda muchitokisi kuita nucleic acids pamusoro mitochondrial mavambo, mashoko haasi zvikuru.

Zvichida chimwe mitochondrial synthesized mapuroteni vane mamiriro haisati encoded nokuda DNA yenyukireya kana RNA hondo. Uyewo angangodaro kuti kwakakodzera mashandiro mapuroteni usage zvinokosha chete nokuti sero kuti mapuroteni zhinji synthesized ari cytoplasm, haagoni kuwana kuburikidza kaviri Kamudzira pakati mitochondria. The date organelles kubereka simba, uye saka kune imwe nzira kana transporter mapuroteni nokuda kwayo kukwana samolecular inofamba uye pamusoro wevasungwa gradient.

Plasmid DNA uye RNA

In plastids (chloroplasts) anewo pachake DNA kwayo, izvo zvimwe zviri basa pakutevedzera dzakafanana mabasa sezvakaitwa vana mitochondrial nucleic acids. Panewo rayo ribosomal, chizvaro uye chinja RNA. Uye plastids, kutonga maererano nokuwanda membranes, pane nhamba nokukanganisika siyana, zvakaoma kuwana. Zvinoitika kuti plastids vakawanda 4 Kamudzira layer iri akatsanangura nenyanzvi nenzira dzakasiyana.

Chimwe chinhu chiri pachena: mashandiro nucleic asidhi muzvitokisi vakadzidza saka kure insufficiently. Hazvizivikanwi kuti chinokosha mitochondrial mapuroteni synthesizing hurongwa uye zvakafanana wake hloroplasticheskaya. Uyewo haana pachena nei masero vanoda mitochondrial nucleic acid, kana mapuroteni (pachena kwete zvose) vakatobatana encoded ari DNA yenyukireya (kana RNA, zvichienderana muviri). Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe vanomanikidzwa kubvuma kuti puroteni synthesizing mitochondrial uye chloroplast kwava kukonzera chete mashandiro sezvo muDNA neerekitironi cytoplasm RNA. Vanochengetedza kuvabereki ruzivo, bereka nekufambisa kuti mwanasikana masero.

pfupiso

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa izvo inoshanda muchitokisi kuita nucleic iine acid zvenyukireya, plastid uye mitochondrial mavambo. Izvi dzakazonaka tarisiro zvakawanda nesayenzi, nokuti symbiotic mashandiro, maererano iyo vazhinji autotrophic zvipenyu anogona bereka nhasi. Izvi achagovera mutsva mhando masero, zvichida kunyange munhu. Kunyange zvazvo tarisiro Implementation mnogomembrannyh plastid organelles mumasero zvakare mangwanani kutaura.

Zvikuru kukosha ndechokuti kunzwisisa kuti muchitokisi nucleic acids anokonzera zvinenge zvose zvirimo. Izvi puroteni biosynthesis, uye achaponesa ruzivo nemamiriro masero. Uye zvakakosha kuti nucleic asidhi unoshanda kuchinjwa kushanda nhaka zvinhu masero kubva mubereki mwana. Izvi zvichaita nechokwadi pakuzadzisa shanduka kwendangariro.