Chii DNA, chii chacho nerevane kukosha zvipenyu

DNA - a deoxyribonucleic acid, iyo inopa kuchengeteka uye nokupfuuridzirwa magene mashoko. In ayo mamiriro ari encrypted ruzivo pamusoro maumbirwo RNA uye mapuroteni muviri. Zarura mamiriro ichi Swiss I.Mishlerom muna 1869.

Chokutanga, ehupfumi chaiye DNA zvave kuzivikanwa. Zvaidavirwa kuti mutoro tiine mutumbi phosphorus wayo zvivako wokushandura ruzivo haina kutomboziva, nekuti vatakuri enhaka mashoko rakagara richidudzirwa vaiona mapurotini. Chete muna 1944, pashure dzakatevedzana kwakaita kuchinja utachiona, kwakaonekwa kuti DNA kwakadaro, uye akazivisa zvayo zvinokosha mabasa. Pashure 1952 ruzivo pamusoro Morekuru ichi wakashamira - zvakazivikanwa kuti ndicho chikuru mutakuri ruzivo nemamiriro iri genotype (yakatarwa majini iri muviri), asi haana kuziva chinhu panguva chaipo maumbirwo yayo, sechivako DNA haana transcribed.

samolecular mamiriro ayo akanga deciphered muna 1953 na James Watson uye Francis Crick. Vakatsunga kuti ichi DNA - Morekuru chokuumba akamonyoroka kaviri zvinosanganisira deoxyribose uye phosphate mapoka, kuti vasunge nitrogenous zvigadziko - adenine, cytosine, guanine uye thymine.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti wemishonga mazano aya ane zvakajeka nzira - adenine anotsinga chete thymine uye guanine pamwe cytosine, izvo zvinoita akarurama uye yakarurama kuzvidzora kuberekana DNA Morekuru maererano nheyo complementarity nemumwe subsidiaries ayo spirals.

Akadaro kuziva zvakajeka samolecular mamiriro kwakaita kunzwisisa zviri nani zviri DNA - nemamiriro kuti anochengeta majini code hwaro yedzinza mune zvose zvipenyu, kusanganisira eukaryotes uye dzimwe wanda.

The majini Bumbiro inochengetwa sezvo imwe nucleotide kutevedzana. Saka, mumwe amino iine acid mapuroteni encoded ne nucleotides matatu uye iine acid kutevedzana ndiyo zviratidzo.

Kana kuchinja chero dzinoitika maumbirwo DNA pfungwa mutation kana majini. Point mutational kuchinja samolecular mamiriro vari anokurukura, riri nyore kuona nokuda nokukanganisika kana hybridological kuongorora. Gene kunotouraya kuitika kana kuchinja interleaving nucleotides, inova mugumisiro pezvakaitwa zvakadai kuchinja, transversions, kupinza kana kurasikirwa nomumwe vakaisvoipa mbiri, dzinoshatisa kushanda uye zvivako DNA.

Kana kuchinja izvi STRUCTURAL kutungamirira kukanganisa zvinokosha zvikamu polypeptide iri muviri kune zvakakomba kutyorwa, izvo kuona kwete chete kutyora pokumuka zvipenyu, asiwo avo kuparadzwa. Somuenzaniso, kuno- anogona kuitika kunyange panguva fetus, kukonzera nokuberekwa vana vakafa kana zvisiri zvimwe. Uyezve, kutyorwa vakadaro vari pamwoyo zhinji urema pakuberekwa kuti zvinogona kutapukira zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Kuti muchidimbu, inogona akapedzisa sezvo kuti DNA ndiyo - zviri zvikuru maumbirwo kuvabereki mashoko, inova huru pakuderedza okutodza. Uyezve, DNA - acid, riri basa pakutevedzera majini ruzivo uye kushanda zvipenyu.