Chii mycorrhiza mu zvipenyu?

Zvakasikwa, pane zvakawanda zvinonakidza chaizvo zvokushandisa anobatsira zvipenyu. Ndivo zvose nemhuka uye zvinomera, notumwe tupukanana mabhakitiriya uye nevamwe. Zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa sei uye rakasiyana dzinongoitika ezvinhu! Mumwe ane chete kuyeuka dzakasiyana-siyana siyana kwemarudzi yokurarama zvisikwa, zvinova pachena kuti kusiyana.

Rimwe izvi zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa anganzi dzinonakidza symbiosis pakati akasiyana umambo - gribokoren - kutanga kuti inobatsira kurarama ari kukwikwidzana kuti muviri. Chii gribokoren kana mycorrhiza? We wedzera pfungwa iyi munyaya.

Kingdom Mafungus: mukuru unhu

Danho rokutanga kazhinji kurangarira ndiani howa izvi uye chii dzinomirira? In zvipenyu, pane chinokosha chikamu ari oga kuranga, izvo ndehwokuti kudzidza zvinenge izvi. Inonzi mycology. Maererano ichangobva data, vachimuenzanisa nhasi kune vanopfuura zviuru zana marudzi akasiyana notumwe sechinhu unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge.

Wandei mufananidzo, zvikuru kuti umambo zvakasikwa yava kutanga uye uwandu vakure. Special kusiyana tisvike parasitic uye saprophytic siyana.

Howa vane chinzvimbo chinokosha munyika makemikari ezvinhu zvenyika nokuda kuvapo vanoverengeka maitiro zviri marongerwo uye nzira youpenyu. Naizvozvo, vose vari vakabatana umambo chete.

Siyana zviri notumwe

Ndezvipi zvinhu izvi? All nyaya akafanana vamiririri vose nemhuka. Kwenguva refu nayo anoisa masayendisiti ari deadlock. Pashure pokunge zvinogadzirwa yakasiyana uye zvisinganzwisisiki, chete nokubatanidza zvimwe zvachose akatarisana zvinenge.

Saka, kuti mukuru features, tichibatanidza howa pamwe miti dzinosanganisira:

• kukwanisa synthesize ari mavhitaminzi uye chirimwa mahormone mukati muviri;
• risingaperi apical kukura kwoupenyu;
• zvakabatanidzwa mararamiro (kushaya kugona kufamba);
• pamberi simba muchitokisi rusvingo;
• Food zvinhu nokuda kubvisa.

Zvisinei, pane zviratidzo kuti nhengo iri mubvunzo vanosangana nemhuka:

• heterotrophic nzira simba (i.e. kudyiwa Organic yeimwe akapera, hazvibviri yakazvimirira kwetunhu mukati muviri);
• kuvapo muchitokisi rusvingo chitin yakaoma carbohydrate kubva acho anofukidza Crustacean, zvipembenene nedzimwe mhuka venyama.

Tikafunga izvi zvinhu kunoita kuti tifunge howa nemamwe venyama, akakodzera kuti abatane ari oga umambo mhuka.

Zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro chakuvhe urongwa

The huru nzi sechivako nhengo mu mubvunzo - nayo hyphae kuti ndinoumba mycelium uye fruiting zvitunha dzakakwirira basidiomycetes. Vane dzakaonda shinda, chena kana translucent, izvo rinoumbwa masero akaparadzaniswa nevanhu partitions. Zvizhinji mapazi hyphae, kurukana, coalesce uye dzinoumba guru pevhu rezvebonde - mycelium. Kunze, ivo vanoumba fruiting muviri mu dzakakwirira notumwe - gumbo uye hat.

dzimwe All nhengo hyphae ndivo chete nokuda paumbwe mycelium. Last anodiwa kuti Absorção de Água nezvinovaka muviri, vegetative kubereka, uye zvepabonde spore inotungamirwa rikurumidze.

It mycelium paChikoro paumbwe gribokornya. Naizvozvo, chii chiri mycorrhiza, zviri pachena, kana uchiziva chii chinomiririrwa muviri pachayo. It kunosanganisira pevhu notumwe pamwe Midzi pemasimba zvinomera. A mhando pamwe kungoreva zvinobatsira, kunobatsira kuti vapone vose masangano.

Saka hyphae pamusoro chakuvhe mycelium aumbwa, zviri dzakarukwa midzi uye kuumbwa mycorrhiza kana gribokoren. Ndiro huru nzi marongerwo uye muchimiro yokuwanda vamiririri vaiona umambo upenyu.

Chii mycorrhiza mu zvipenyu: tsananguro

Kana tikaongorora rakasiyana chakajairika kubva esayenzi maonero, tinogona kamwe chete zvakare kushamiswa ugone zvipenyu zviri kugwinya yokupukunyuka. Ipa kunyatsoenderana yokuti chii mycorrhiza mu zvipenyu, unogona kushandisa tsananguro. Izvi symbiotic ukama pakati notumwe uye zvinomera, izvo kunoitwa pedyo interplay pakati mycelium nemidzi mukudhinda zvakatipoteredza.

Shoko rokuti "mycorrhiza" akanga aronga muna 1885 ne vaongorori Frank. Kuvapo Fani iyi pakuzivikanwa makore mana akanga adarika. Chii mycorrhiza chakuvhe, akatsanangura muna 1881 Russian musayendisiti FI Kamensky. Ndiye wokutanga kudzidza uye vakarondedzera gribokoren.

Zvinenge zvose yepamusoro miriwo kupinda zvakafanana ukama notumwe, uye kwete chete kune vaya isu Maiona nokuunganidza musango, asiwo zviduku, kunyange pevhu. symbiosis kwakadaro kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru uye anobatsira kumapati vose, kuti kushaya mycorrhizal miti anonzi kuva kunze zvakasikwa.

Ndezvipi makirasi notumwe vanokwanisa pakati Chiitiko pasi kukurukurwa?

1. Basidiomycetes (gimenomitsety, Gasteromycetes).
2. Ascomycetes (vakawanda zvipenyu).
3. Zygomycetes (dzimwe mhuka).

Ndezvipi zvirimwa vanokwanisa kupinda symbiotic hwepedyo mycelium pamusoro chakuvhe?

1. Anenge zvose perennial vamiririri nehochekoche-siyana zvoupenyu siyana (rekushongedzesa, nemiti, nemiti).
2. Very kazhinji Annual.

Regai kuumba gribokoren avo vamiririri kuti urarame mvura pamusoro uye Ukobvu.

kupatsanura

Takawana kuti mycorrhiza, tsanangudzo kunopiwa. Zvino funga chii mhando gribokornya kuitika, nekuti zvinoitika kuti hazvisi nyore. Pane kupatsanura inoratidza Misiyano symbiosis ichi.

Mhando chikuru matatu mycorrhizal notumwe vangazivikanwa:

• endotrophic ( "endo" - mukati);
• ectotrophic ( "ecto" - kunze);
• zvakavhenganiswa, kana endoektotrofnaya.

Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe akati mhando.

endotrophic mycorrhizae

Chii mycorrhiza endotrophic mhando? Ndiyo kudyidzana pakati chakuvhe uye midzi muti umo mycelium iri kazhinji haana kunze, asi mukati wefodya chose. Hyphae zvinopfuura epithelial muchitokisi uye kukudziridza mukati mavo midzi, yakayamwa facial zvinomera. Panguva imwe chete dzimwe mycelium yakanyauka uye anoenda chikafu.

Interesting ndiye chinowanika kuti endophytic notumwe vari chinopfuudzwa mu muchimiro nharo nhaka chete yemiti. Kureva kusawirirana kupinda mukume kubva ipapo kupinda mbeu, uye itsva chirimwa muviri kubva pakuberekwa rinoumbwa imwe chakuvhe-endofit.

Kuvapo mycelium ari mudzi asingadi kukanganisa zvarakanga kukura, branching uye zvichingodaro. The chakuvhe anoenda kucherechedzwa kunze zvachose.

Ekzotrofnaya mycorrhizae

On mubvunzo hworudzii mycorrhiza ekzotrofnogo, mhinduro yacho iri pachena. Hazvina musoro kugumisa kuti zviri kuoneka kunze nokuumbwa. It chaizvoizvo. Howa ektofity kuva tsime kunyatsobudirira, simba, branching mycelium. Hyphae saka zvakasimba putira midzi miti, zvinoitika kubva pechifukidziro imwe mhando. Panyaya iyi, mudzi vhudzi kufa sezvo basa.

The nomumwe hungiso anogona hyphae zvinopfuura chirimwa, asi haana kuwana mukati masero pachavo pasi chifukidzo jira. Izvi mhando gribokornya anowanzodanwa kuumbwa pakati pemiti uye howa agaricales. Ndokusaka marudzi mazhinji dzinodyiwa vanhu vanowana mhuri yose pamumvuri korona muti.

Mixed mycorrhizae

Chii mycorrhiza yakavhenganiswa mhando? Ichi rakasiyana symbiosis kuti endo- uye ektogribov pamwe chirimwa midzi panguva imwe chete. The inonyanya mhando gribokornya. Chimwe zita - endoektomikoriza.

Zviri pachena kuti musimboti Fani iyi iri mawa kupinda pakati hyphae mukati mudzi masero uye nokudaro wezvamatongerwe gobvu pabutiro kubva kunze. Kakawanda, symbiosis ichi ikoko pakati pileate agaricales howa uye zvakasiyana-siyana miti. Muenzaniso: Aspen, boletus, amanita, chena chakuvhe uye nezvimwe.

Vakawanda mhando hahugoni kuvapo pasina mycorrhizae, saka vachiri havana kuwanikwa nzira chakagadzirwa kurimwa.

Zvichireva mycorrhizal chakuvhe upenyu mu

Zvino tinoziva kuti mycorrhizae. Uye kukosha kwayo haafaniri akavanzwa. Zviri pachena kuti mukuru basa - exchange muviri pakati zvinenge zviviri zvakasiyana.

Ndezvipi zvinomera somugumisiro symbiosis ichi?

1. Kunowedzera kubvisa pamusoro nzvimbo nokuda vakawanda branching hyphae.
2. Mushroom rinopa mvura uye zvicherwa zvinhu.
3. Chirimwa anogamuchira mahormone, mavhitaminzi.
4. Mushroom inoda yeimwe zhinji muchimiro rinokwanisa kuti wakafananidzwa miti (semuenzaniso, potassium, calcium, yavaibvisa, phosphorus, nezvimwewo).

Ko munhu chakuvhe miti?

1. Organic yeimwe, kunyanya carbohydrate.
2. Amino acids.
3. Vamwe phytohormones uye kukura zvinhu.

Saka, mycorrhizae - iri zvachose kukunda zvisamumirira pamwe kazhinji chinokosha mativi.