Heterocyclic yeimwe: Nomenclature uye kupatsanura

Heterocyclic remubatanidzwa boka makemikari mhete yeimwe mu zvinogara iyo, kunze kabhoni maatomu, ine zvakawanda maatomu nevamwe zvine maatomu akafanana, vanonzi heteroatoms (chiGiriki heteros - - mumwe, wechipiri.): Okisijeni (semuenzaniso, furan uye pyran), senitrogen (pyrrole uye pyridine ), sarufa (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) etc.

The heterocycles inoumbwa kabhoni maatomu maviri kana kupfuura uye heteroatoms. Maererano Bayer pfungwa nemishonga heterocycles kuva chete idzodzo zviitiko apo kutsaudzira valencies kwemaatomu achiumba muzvindori, iduku kwekona kuti 109 ° 28 '. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda kusagadzikana heterocyclic yeimwe muri heterocycles vatatu-rokuti, umo mune mamorekuru kupfuura kutsauka kwakadaro - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene uye ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles vari rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira amino acids (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino acids (proline uye hydroxyproline), mumwe purine (adenine uye guanine) uye pyrimidine (thymine, uracil uye cytosine) nezvigadziko, pakugadzira kukosha fuma kwenyaya mhenyu (heme, hemin, chlorophyll), alkaloids ( zvine caffeine uye atropine), nemishonga (kuti penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin yakawanikwa), mishonga (norsulfazol caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), zvinoita zvokufembedzwa (pyridine), makabhohaidhiretsi, nucleic acids, mapuroteni, mahormone, mavhitaminzi, uye vazhinji nevamwe zvinokosha zvinhu.

Kupatsanura pakati makemikari

The kupatsanura kunobva maumbirwo heterocycles kwayo Morekuru iyo kabhoni maatomu vari waakaita kuti heteroatom (hetero) uye rehydrogen maatomu. Heterocycles vavo nomukaka vakakamurwa muzvikwata zvichienderana nokuwanda maatomu achiumba mhete (mashanu, four-, five-, nhanhatu-membered, etc.). In nerimwe boka kune Sub-mapoka pamwe chete, vaviri kana vatatu hetero maatomu.

Heterocyclic yeimwe kakawanda dzakataurwa nhoroondo Nomenclature (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Kubva mazita wenhoroondo vakaumba mazita nomukaka zvavo (pyridine-4-carboxylic iine acid methylpyridine). Kuratidza nzvimbo substituent maatomu heterocycles nhamba. Vakaverengwa ari kuitwa hetero maatomu kana kureva mabhii echiGiriki earufabheti, kutangira kubva pedyo kabhoni atomu ane heteroatom - Arifa, Beta, wegamma, etc.

Getorotsiklicheskie yeimwe: Nomenclature

Kana zita pamusoro heterocyclic yeimwe maererano IUPAC Nomenclature kuverengwa nhamba kwemaatomu ari heterocycle, ayo mamiriro, placement pamusoro substituents uye zvimwe zvinhu (semuenzaniso, furfural ane hurongwa zita furan-2-carbaldehyde). Mazita heterocyclic yeimwe zvinoratidzwa rondedzero pezvakaitwa kuti gadziriro yavo, zvivako uye tsika.

For heterocycles zvinosanganisira oxides (semuenzaniso, ethylene oxide), anhydrides ose dibasic zvine carboxylic acids, etc. Kugadzikana zvaimbonzi heterocycles kunoenderana nenhamba kabhoni maatomu ari morekuru heterocycle pamusoro heteroatoms wayo nzvimbo iri heterocycle. Muduku nemishonga vari heterocyclic yeimwe rinoumbwa zvitatu kana zvina zvinogara, izvo zviri nyore wakaputsika kuva acyclic yeimwe. Pane zvizhinji heterocyclic yeimwe, mamorekuru Zvinonzi aida, zvakafanana kutenderera benzenovogo core. Ndivo chikuru STRUCTURAL che zhinji biosoedineny kukosha kuti maindasitiri, mushonga uye wemhuka.

Chemistry pamusoro Heterocyclic Compounds

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kwevashanu-membered (thiophene uye nomukaka zvayo) heterocycles nokuda kuvapo kwavo Morekuru Pi-hurongwa zvakawandisa maerekitironi, izvo anowedzera aromaticity yavo. Tichienzanisa benzene thiophene nyore zvaanoita electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa.