Chii Chartism? Definition, hunokonzera, kukosha Chartism

Chartism yakabuda muEngland uye ruzivo ichatonga zvine mbiri ayo ari 30s uye 40s yacho XIX remakore. Raiva kufamba evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika hunhu.

zvikonzero Chartism

Shoko rokuti "Chartism" yakabuda mushure 1839 apo Charter People yacho vakabvuma Paramende yeBritain. Modern vezvenhau vanobvuma kuti sangano iri raiva chinodiwa kuti kwaita zvemagariro democratic pfungwa. Its chikuru chinoumba vakanga vakawanda proletarian kirasi, izvo zvakatanga kuEngland mushure Industrial Revolution.

Zvikonzero Chartism kuwanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ipapo akaoma. Munguva 20s uye 30s of UK, sefungu kwezvoupfumi nematambudziko. Makambani vakaenda kusauka uye yakavharwa, uye vashandi vasina basa uye achishandisa kuvapo. Saka chii Chartism? Izvi zvakanga maitiro proletariat kusvikira hwava mamiriro ezvoupfumi, kuti vawane basa kana aitenge. Yakanyanya kuoma kwaiva mamiriro ezvinhu ari dzakapfuma kunzvimbo, somuenzaniso muna Lancashire (county kuchamhembe-kumadokero England). Blue dzinongoitika akaronga nemhirizhonga yakaguma zvinetso, mhirizhonga uye akapakatira mu pazvinowanikwa muzvitoro.

Nzara uye kuora mwoyo vaifanira kuguma vakawanda kwebasa nevari, uye pakupedzisira, zvakaitika. Yaiva yakanaka muenzaniso kune vashandi. Muna 1832, kuti bourgeoisie akaita zvinhu yeParamende, iyo vaiona ayo zvarwo. Izvi zvinoitwa uye asara pasina basa agare achingoshanda mafekitari.

Vanhu Charter

The chikuru Gwaro the Chartists - vanhu Charter raiva pakawanda. Raiva kudiwa yezvisikwa suffrage vanhu pasi pemakore 21 okuberekwa, vari abolition chepfuma zvinodiwa vanoda kuva nhengo, uyewo pakavanda nokuvhota. Uyezve, vashandi kuti kuderedza yeparamende izwi kusvikira nguva gore rimwe uye chitarisiko zvakaenzana nesarudzo maruwa. Vamwe pfungwa idzi chepurogiramu akawana rutsigiro pakati bourgeoisie. Somuenzaniso, dzakadaro kudiwa zvakaenzana uye chakavanzika suffrage. Kuziva zvose izvi zvinodiwa, zviri nyore zvikuru kunzwisisa chii Chartism.

The impoverishment rwekuita kirasi

The kukonzera Chartism - -conflict pakati paramende uye varombo. Muna 1934, dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende kunge akasungirirwa mitemo maererano nokushanda kwenhengo workhouses. Masangano aya akanga chikamu rudo kana mujeri hurongwa. Zvakasikwa kuti akurudzire varombo uye matsotsi kushandira vabatsirwe kwenzanga. Zvino workhouses zvakare vakawira uye vanhu vakanga vasingagoni kuwana kubva vakawanda kwemabasa kuti yakabuda mushure maindasitiri dambudziko.

Kuipa kushanda ezvinhu vose vanhu ava kwakaita kuti kuratidzira pamusoro paramende uye ayo sarudzo. Chimwe chikonzero kwaita Chartism - itsva Law Poor, wakadzikwa muna 1834. The chikuru chimiro kutsutsumwa vashandi vari vakawanda mienzaniso izvo kazhinji raguma nokukumbira wevatariri. mazana ezviuru vasingafari nezvaiitika akatora mugove zviito zvakadaro.

Hondo pamusoro proletarians kodzero dzavo

kuratidzwa First akasimuka nomuzvarirwo. Nokufamba kwenguva, vakamira pakati proletarians ose kurovedzera vanenge vatanga kuumba centralized sangano. Wokutanga mamiriro dzakadaro London Working Men kuti Association, yakabuda 1836.

Chii Chartism uye sei zvakasiyana zvekare Kuratidzira, vasingagutsikani murombo? Ndizvo vavengi mutemo Paramende vakakwanisa kuronga pachavo nokusika vanhu vavo, kuti vadzivirire zvinobudirira zvavanofarira. Mushure London, zvivako izvozvo akaonekwa mamwe maguta, vachiva hakuzivani yose England.

It yemo Association akagadzira zvinhu akaumba hwaro akakurumbira REGUTSARUZHINJI. With nguva, vashandi rutsvene rutsigiro mumapepanhau akawanda uye dzimwe nhau, iyewo akatanga kusimudzira Chartist zvinodiwa. The kupfuura mukurumbira vanonakidzwa yezvisikwa suffrage, pfungwa izvo anowana chinhu ungira mune zvakasiyana inonyatsozivikanwa magazini dzakasiyana enyika nemunhu. Kunyange zvirokwazvo akaramba kunyanya kushanda kuruboshwe.

Radicals uye moderates

Kurondedzera nani chii Chartism, zvinokosha kutaura kuti sangano iri kumbova monolithic. Chaiva namapapiro maviri. Vatsigiri pamwe bourgeoisie vangada kurwira kodzero dzavo kuburikidza rugare kutsutsumwa: Misangano mikuru, zvikumbiro uye midungwe. Vakanga vaishora nokuda radicals vaitenda kuti chete kuburikidza zvikuru matanho pazvinobvira kubudirira pazvinangwa zviri kufamba. nzira iyi chinorehwa kushandiswa chisimba nezviremera. Radicals, sezvinoita mutemo, vakanga vasara.

kurudyi-bapiro bapiro uyewo anonyatsoteerera mubvunzo pamusoro Corn Mitemo. Vakagamuchirwa neparamende mashomanana emakore pamberi British kudzivirira varimi kubva kune dzimwe makwikwi. Izvi zvakaitwa nokusuma kunyika iri kutorwa zviyo mabasa. Izvozvo zvakawedzera mutengo chingwa, zvisina kufanana kushanda.

gungano Chartists

Chartist kufamba kwakakonzera kuti musangano wakaitwa muna Glasgow kukuru mune chitubu 1838. Pairi, maererano nokufungidzira siyana, zvakanzi wakapindwa vanenge 200 zviuru vanhu. Ndivo migumisiro aionekwa Chartism. Zvino ose vashandi varombo munyika vaivapowo ratidziro sangano.

Muna February 1839, London vaipinda wokutanga vakawanda kokorodzano vatsigiri Chartists. It agamuchirwa serimwe rinogona kutsiva mumwe weParamende, uye aifanira kuva mutauri dzakakurumbira Kusagutsikana. Kuti bumbiro zvakabvumiranwa pariri. Pashure paizvozvo, akatanga hombe danidziro munyika. A chikumbiro inounganidzwa inzwi vashandi.

Pakupedzisira muna muzhizha 1839 gwaro kudare Mumba Commons. Panguva ino akanga chasainwa miriyoni vanhu. Zvisinei, Parliament haana kurerekera nzeve kune zvinodiwa Chartists. The chikumbiro akarambwa vazhinji vevatariri.

zvombo kurwisa

Dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende havadi kuziva kuti Chartist sangano - sangano kodzero vakawanda vagere munyika. Pakarepo mushure pavairamba kubvuma chikumbiro muBritain akatanga kurwa vashandi uye mapurisa. Kungopfura uye kurwa mumigwagwa vava chakaipa.

Vatungamiriri vakawanda Chartist rwokufamba vakanga vakapfigirwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti muna 1839, zviuru 10 vanhu vakarwisa mutorongo, izvo zvakakonzera vakawanda vakatambudzwa. Hurumende iri kuramba awedzera ayo vomanikidza yakakura chikamu kufamba. Mushure zvose mufaro dzisabudiswe.

Zvisinei, zvinokonzera Chartism haana kubviswa. Sapakutanga, mamiriro ezvinhu vashandi vakawanda vakasiya zvikuru anodikamwa. Saka, zvakanaka Bapiro Chartists kusiya mhirizhonga uye kamwe akaedza zvakare kuzochera Parliament afunge kuti zvikumbiro shoma. New Charter akabvuma muna 1842 uye 1848.

Last Charter Chartists

Ichangobva kuedza rinobatana zviitiko zvinokosha vanoverengeka. Chekutanga, muna 1847 zvakatanga mutsva maindasitiri dambudziko, izvo akakanda padare kunyange zviuru vashandi UK. Chechipiri, panguva iyoyo zvose pamusoro Europe akatanga chimurenga. Wokutanga yaiva Paris, uko nevari bourgeoisie akaparadzwa Louis-Philip I, izvo kuvhiringidzwa kodzero yake.

Muenzaniso uyu akava chinotapuriranwa, kunyange zvazvo simba Chirungu Chartists zvave zvikuru zvishoma kupfuura French capitalists. Vatungamiriri vakawanda pemitongo sangano vakanga vachiri akapararira mumakore apfuura. Saka, zvose pamusoro rakatevera Charter, izvo akakwezva mamiriyoni vakasaina zvakare. Muna 1848 Paramende vakaramba chikumbiro zvakare, kunyange, uye akaenda kumwe zvichemo akafanana neapo Kudzimwa zviyo mabasa uye chengetedza kushanda maawa mumafekitari.

Kwapera makore mashomanana upfumi British zvakare akaenda mugomo. Vasingagutsikani isu vakarasikirwa kutanga uye nokukurumidza motokari Chartists vakauya pasina. Ichokwadi, zvinetso vashandi vasina vaenda. Vashandi vakaramba kurwira kodzero dzavo, asi mune dzimwe nzira kuti havana kufanana Chartism.

inofamba ukoshi

Zvinoguma nei hondo pakati Chartists kodzero dzavo gumi? Muna 1842, Paramende akatanga mari mutero, uye gare gare aparadza mabasa ari dzimwe tsanga, izvo akaderedza mutengo chingwa. The chikuru ribudirire pemitongo anogona kunzi mutemo fekitari. Rakazoshandiswa muna 1847 uye akatanga 10-awa rokushanda vakadzi nevana, raiva duku, asi kwaiva kungobvumirawo kune proletariat.

Vatsvakurudzi vazhinji vakaedza kuronga chii Chartism. Tsanangudzo rwokufamba ichi kazhinji anorondedzera rive harbinger pamusoro dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa, iro rakatanga kuonekwa chirwirangwe yechipiri yezana XIX remakore.

Kukosha Chartism pakuti aiva chiitiko mubayiro nokuda proletariat muEngland. Kubvira ipapo, vashandi ainyatsoziva nezvekodzero dzavo uye vakadzidza kuronga pachavo kuti achengetedze zvavanofarira.

Chartism uye USSR

Kunyanya mukurumbira Chartism yakawanikwa muSoviet Union, iyo pave dzematongerwe kuti ukuru proletarian kirasi. Zvakawanda mabhuku zvezvipfuwo vadzidzisi uye nezvoupfumi kutsanangura Chartism. Tsanangudzo Fani iyi muSoviet nesayenzi zvinoenderana Marxist kosi. Chartism aionekwa somunhu yorudzii okusuma kuti kuda ari proletarian kirasi.

Kuti England yaiva nyika yokutanga apo vashandi vakatanga kurwira kodzero dzavo iyezvino nzira. Muenzaniso ndiye vakawanda kuramwa uye nenjodzi. Vashandi vakarega kugadzirwa, uye dzimwe nguva akasvika kuvhiringidza nyaya uye apo maindasitiri zvokushandisa zvinechinangwa kuparadzwa.