Chii Arifa kuora uye Beta kuora? Beta-kuora, Alpha kuora; uye maitiro fomura

Alpha uye Beta nemwaranzi iri kazhinji unonzi kuora radioactive. uku ndiko chaibwinya kubva musimboti subatomic nezvimedu, anobva pane kumhanya. Somugumisiro, mumwe atomu kana isotope anogona kushandurwa kubva kwemakemikari chinhu chimwe. Alpha uye Beta kuora pamusoro nuclei vari yo sagadzikana zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvose maatomu vane mhosva nhamba kupfuura 83 uye vakawanda nhamba kupfuura 209.

kuita ezvinhu kunoitika

Kuora, kufanana nezvimwe radioactive transformations, ndiye dzinongoitika uye hazvizivi. Yokupedzisira imhaka asvike chinoumba chero nezvimedu wokumwe. Sei Arufa Beta kuora kukwanisa kumbotambudzika atomu - kunobva chete sei nokukurumidza kusvikwa rakadzikama mamiriro.

Under dzinongoitika ezvinhu kunoitika Arufa Beta-kubvisa kuora.

Ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai varipo Nyuturoni, positron, hwepurotoni nezvimwe zvakawanda isingawanzowanikwi mhando decays uye zvenyukireya transformations.

Mazita aya akapa Ernest Rutherford, uyo akadzidza nemwaranzi.

Kusiyana mudanga uye kusagadzikana neerekitironi

Mano kuora kunobva mamiriro atomu. Vanonzi "kugadzikana" kana dzisiri radioactive chinoumba noruzhinji Nonseparated maatomu. In dzidziso, kwakacherechedzwa kuti zvinhu izvi kungaita kuti kusaverengeka, kuti pakupedzisira nechokwadi takatsiga yavo. It kunodiwa kuti vaparadzane kusagadzikana nuclei dzakadaro izvo zvine hwakareba hafu-upenyu.

By chikanganiso, munhu "nokunonoka" atomu anogona kutorwa akatsiga. Zvisinei achirova muenzaniso angava tellurium, uye zvakawanda kunyanya, isotope wayo nhamba 128, kuva hafu upenyu 2,2 × 10 ^24. Izvi hazvisi handivo. Lanthanum-138 pasi nehafu-upenyu, inova izwi 10 ¹¹ makore. Ichi izwi kakapetwa makumi matatu kupfuura kuitika zera wezvose.

Musimboti kuora radioactive

Izvi kunoitika chero. Mumwe kuora radionuclide achawana akurumidze, riri kugara roga nyaya. The kuora zvazvingava haigoni kuchinjwa pasi pokudzora zvimwewo zvinoitika. Pasinei nemapinduriro kuchaitika pasi pokudzora guru rinokweva, panguva Mhedziso zero, muna yemagetsi uye remagineti, panguva makemikari maitiro uye zvichingodaro. Simba muitiro unogona chete kuva zvakananga kukanganisa mukati mabhomba musimboti, izvo zvisingaiti. Vaingoerekana maitiro uye hunoenderana badzi atomu, mune izvo zvinobuda, uye ayo zvemukati mamiriro.

Shoko rokuti "radionuclide" zvakajairika kana richireva kuora radioactive. Vaya kujaira nayo, unofanira kuziva kuti shoko riri boka maatomu, vane radioactive ehupfumi kuti varidzi vakawanda nhamba, mabhomba nhamba uye simba mamiriro.

Siyana radionuclides anoshandiswa zvekushandisa, zvesayenzi uye dzimwe pazvinoitwa kwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, vanachiremba mashoko zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nechirwere zvirwere, kurapwa zvinodhaka, maturusi nezvimwe zvinhu. Panotova anoverengeka kuchirapa uye prognostic Radiopreparat.

No kukosha ndiyo vakatsunga isotope. Shoko iri anonzi chaiwo kwemaatomu mhando. Vane chete mabhomba nhamba somunhu kwakajairika Kufananidzira, asi kunze vakawanda nhamba. It anokonzerwa ichi musiyano mari neutrons zvisingakwanisi kuchinja basa sezvo protons uye maerekitironi, asi uremu shanduko. Somuenzaniso, zviri nyore rehydrogen rine yavo yose 3. Ndicho chete chinhu mazita isotopes akanzi: asi deuterium-tritium (chete radioactive) uye game. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mazita ari maererano mabhomba Zviidzo uye huru maatomu akafanana.

Alpha kuora

Izvi mhando radioactive siyana. Chakanangana okunze rechitanhatu uye nguva periodic table kwemakemikari zvinhu wechinomwe. Yaingova chakagadzirwa kana transuranic okunze.

Zvinoriumba izvozvo zvinogona Alpha kuora

Pakati nesimbi iro maitiro kuora zvinosanganisira thorium, uranium exchange nezvimwe zvinhu rechitanhatu uye rechinomwe nguva periodic table kwemakemikari okunze, kuverenga kubva bismuth. Also pasi nedanho isotopes inorema zvinhu.

Chii chinoitika munguva kuita?

Kana Alpha kuora rinotanga akabuda chinoumba nezvimedu, zvinosanganisira maviri protons uye neutrons peya. Haachaoni anosunungurwa PARTICIPLE mwoyo weatomu nehelium atomu, pamwe vakawanda dzakabatana 4 uye 2 nokuchengeta.

Somugumisiro, pane chinhu chitsva, riri kuruboshwe maviri kutanga masero periodic table. Urongwa uku kunorondedzerwa pakuti kutanga 2 protons atomu akarasika uye nayo - kwokutanga mutariri. Somugumisiro, Misa zvichizoita isotope 4 vakawanda zviumbu ipfupi kufananidzwa hwepakutanga.

mienzaniso

Panguva iyi kubva kuora kuti uranium exchange, thorium aumba. Thorium, Radium sokuti, pairi - radon, izvo pakupedzisira anopa polonium, uye pakupedzisira - kutungamirira. Mukuita pane isotopes pamusoro zvinhu izvi, uye kwete ivo pachavo. Saka kuwana uranium exchange-238, thorium-234, Radium-230, Radon-236 uye kusvika chimiro yakagadzikana maatomu akafanana. The yemaitiro iri kuita sezvinotevera:

Th-234 -> Ra-230 -> Rn-226 -> Po-222 -> Pb-218

Speed yoga Alpha PARTICIPLE akabuda panguva kubva 12 kusvika zviuru 20. Km / chik. Paaiva pasi Vacuum, kwakadaro PARTICIPLE angadai rakatenderedzwa pose nokuda 2 masekonzi, kutamira pamwe neequator.

Beta kuora

Musiyano PARTICIPLE iyi Erekitironi - panzvimbo panowanikwa. Pokuwa Beta rikaitika mwoyo weatomu uye kwete Erekitironi gore rakapoteredzwa. Vakawanda zvose zviripo radioactive transformations. Inogona kuchengetwa zvinenge zvose huripo pari zvine maatomu akafanana. Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti ose ichocho ane kanenge imwe asingatani kuora yacho isotope. Kazhinji, somugumisiro Beta kuora pane Beta kubvisa kuora.

zvakaitwa

Kana muitiro Erekitironi ejection kunoitika tsanga anomuka nokuda vaingoerekana kutendeutsa mumwe Nyuturoni ari Erekitironi uye hwepurotoni. Saka protons nokuda mukanyiwa zvikuru vari musimboti uye Erekitironi, rinonzi Beta-kubvisa PARTICIPLE, kusiya atomu. Uye nokuti protons yawedzera nomumwe, musimboti chinhu ari kuchinja nenzira guru uye kodzero chepakutanga periodic table.

mienzaniso

Pokuwa Beta pamwe potassium-40 vatendeuki kuva karusiyamu isotope, riri kurudyi. Radioactive karusiyamu-scandium-47 anova 47, izvo zvinogona dzikava mudanga titanium-47. Zvinoita yakaita Beta kuora? fomura:

Ca-47 -> Uchiha-47 -> Ti-47

akabuda yevanhu Beta-PARTICIPLE danda riri 0,9 nguva mwero 270 zviuru. km / chik.

Zvakasikwa, ari Beta-emitting nuclides hazvina zvakawanda. Chinokosha vavo zvikuru diki. Muenzaniso uri potassium-40, izvo zvakasikwa musanganiswa rine 119/10000 chete. Uyewo, rwokuzvarwa Beta-kubvisa-basa radionuclides kubva dzinoverengeka zvinokosha zvigadzirwa ndiyo Arifa Beta kuora kuti uranium exchange uye thorium.

Disintegration Beta ndiwo Muenzaniso: iri thorium-234, inova Arifa kuora iri dzikwanise protactinium-234, uye ipapo saizvozvo anova uranium exchange, asi ayo mamwe isotope pasi nhamba 234. Izvi uranium exchange-234 zvakare nokuda Alpha kuora anova thorium asi ane zvakasiyana mhando. Zvadaro, izvi zvinova thorium-230 Radium-226, riri dzikwanise radon. Uye imwe kutevedzana, kusvikira thallium, chete nedzimwe Beta kuchinja shure. Anopedzisa Beta ichi radioactive kuora pamusoro kwaita akatsiga kutungamirira-206. Kushandurwa Izvi zvinotevera fomura:

Th-234 -> Pa-234 -> U-234 -> Th-230 -> Ra-226 -> Rn-222 -> At-218 -> Po-214 -> Bi-210 -> Pb-206

Natural uye chinokosha Beta-basa radionuclides vari K-40 uye pezvokuvamba thallium kuti uranium exchange.

Pokuwa Beta-ndinoiitawo

Panewo Beta-ndinoiitawo kushanduka. It Anonziwo positron Beta kuora. Zvinonzi chaibwinya kubva makirisito PARTICIPLE yainzi positron. Zvinoguma Kushandurwa pokutangira chinhu amire kuruboshwe, iro rine nhamba duku.

muenzaniso

Kana wemagetsi Beta kuora, magnesium-yavaibvisa 23 anova yakagadzikana isotope. Radioactive europium-samarium-150 anova 150.

The zvichiguma zvakaitwa Beta kuora anogona kusika + Beta uye Beta womumwe. Mwero PARTICIPLE akabuda muzviitiko zvose akaenzana 0,9 nguva kumhanya chiedza.

Other radioactive decays

Kunze Maitiro akadai manyowa Alpha-Beta-kuora, kuti nzira iyo zvinozivikanwa, pane dzimwe, ishoma uye kwese kuti chakagadzirwa radionuclides pezvakaitwa.

Nyuturoni kuora. The akabuda yokusava inoramba uri 1 vakawanda chikwata. Panguva yake imwe isotope ari dzikwanise mumwe nechepazasi gobvu nhamba. Muenzaniso aizova kutendeuka 9-lithium mu lithium-8-5 nehelium mu nehelium-4.

Pamusoro irradiation kuti wegamma azoona kuti ayodhini-127 isotope chinhu kugadzikana isotope anova nhamba 126 uye anowana radioactivity.

Purotoni kuora. Apo neapo. Kunyange zvazvo kunoitika hwepurotoni achine kuva mutariri +1, uye 1 chairema vakawanda. Mabhomba kurema rinova madiki chete ukoshi.

Chero radioactive kusanduka, zvikurukuru, radioactive kuora, aine nokubudiswa simba iri muchimiro wegamma mwaranzi. Inonzi wegamma-ray. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, pane X-ray nemwaranzi ane yakaderera simba.

Wegamma kuora. Zvinomirira wegamma-ray nekubudisa. Remagetsi nemwaranzi iri chandagwinyira kupfuura X-ray rinoshandiswa mune zvokurapa. Zvinoguma wegamma mwaranzi kana simba fluxes mabhomba neerekitironi. Maekisirei ariwo solenoid, asi unovapo kubva Erekitironi anoshongwa ari atomu.

Mileage Alpha nezvimedu

Alpha nezvimedu ane gobvu mabhomba dzakabatana 4 uye 2 nokuchengeta kufamba rectilinearly. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, tinogona kutaura pamusoro mileage yeAlpha inoramba.

The ukoshi kunobva kwokutanga nzira uye simba anoda kubva 3 kusvika 7 (dzimwe nguva 13) masendimita mumhepo. Rizere svikiro iri kubva ramazana ane millimeter. nemwaranzi kwakadaro havagoni pinda papepa, uye ganda kwevanhu.

Nemhaka warwo uremu uye nokuchengeta Arifa PARTICIPLE ane mukuru ionizing simba uye nokuparadza zvose munzira dzavo. Panyaya iyi, Alpha-radionuclides yakanyanyobatsira ngozi vanhu nemhuka kana pachena kuti muviri.

Rakapinza mano Beta nezvimedu

Nokuda duku vakawanda nhamba, inova 1836 nguva duku pane hwepurotoni, uye kuyera kunaka nokuchengeta, Beta nemwaranzi ane zvishoma zvainoita fuma, kuburikidza icho inobhururuka, asi uyezve, yakareba kutiza. Uyewo, kuti PARTICIPLE nzira hakusi twasu. Panyaya iyi, izvozvo anotaura pamusoro rakapinza simba, iyo kunobva akagamuchira simba.

Rakapinza mano Beta nezvimedu kubva zvichiitika panguva kuora radioactive mumhepo rinosvika 2.3 M mvura vanoverengwa mune masendimita uye zvinhu zvakaoma - mune zvikamu ane sendimita. kwevanhu zvinyama nemwaranzi vachipfuura 1,2 masendimita zvakadzama. Kudzivirira Beta nemwaranzi inogona nyore mvura rukoko 10 CM PARTICIPLE Rwizi ari zvakakwana yakakwirira nesimba kuora pa 10 BSN zvinenge zvose kunyura akaturikidzana dzakadaro: mhepo - 4 m. aruminiyamu - 2.2 cm; simbi - 7,55 mm; kutungamirira - 5.2 mm.

Tichifunga duku ukuru tudonhwe Beta mwaranzi vane yakaderera ionizing simba kana achienzaniswa Arifa inoramba. Zvisinei, kana anwa, ivo zvikuru ngozi pane kwokunze chokupfeka.

The soro kupinda prices pakati marudzi ose nemwaranzi parizvino ane Nyuturoni uye wegamma. Mhanyai radiations izvi mudenga dzimwe nguva inosvika makumi kana mazana metres, asi zvishoma ionizing zviratidzo.

Most wegamma-ray simba isotopes hakurevi kusapfuudza kukosha 1,3 BSN. Apo neapo zvasvika tsika 6.7 BSN. Panyaya iyi, kuti vazvidzivirire nemwaranzi kwakadaro vaishandisa akaturikidzana hwendarira, kongiri uye kutungamirira attenuation reshiyo.

Somuenzaniso, kuti sunungura zvakapetwa kagumi kuti cobalt wegamma mwaranzi kunoda vatungamirire kudzivirirwa Ukobvu vanenge 5 cm kuti 100-mudanga attenuation waida 9,5 masendimita Concrete Protection kuva 33 uye 55 cm uye mvura -. 70 uye 115 cm.

Ionizing Nyuturoni nhamba pakuti simba ravo unongotaura.

Chero mamiriro ezvinhu, nzira rokudzivirira pamusoro nemwaranzi yakanakisisa anova kunonyanyisa distancing kubva kwaibva sezvinobvira uye usingashandi dandadzo mukuru nemwaranzi nzvimbo.

Kupatsanura maatomu nuclei

By kupatsanura nuclei ari maatomu chinorehwa nomuzvarirwo kana pasi pokudzora neutrons weboka chinoumba muzvikamu zviviri anenge akaenzana pakukura.

zvikamu zviviri izvi zviri radioactive isotopes zviri zvinhu kubva huru chikamu patafura zvine maatomu akafanana. Tanga kubva emhangura lanthanoids.

Panguva kuparadzana anouraya shoma yokuwedzera neutrons uye pane zvakawandisa simba muchimiro wegamma mwaranzi, izvo zvinopfuura radioactive kuora. Saka, kana mumwe chiitiko kunoitika chete radioactive kuora wegamma Ray, uye panguva kuita panoparadzana rinowanika 8,10 wegamma quanta. Also yakadzikiswa akatsaura zvidimbu vane chikuru kinetic simba hwakatamisirwa chafariz unongotaura.

The akasunungura neutrons vanokwanisa Nokumukira kuparadzana zvineringanidzo yegwara cores kana vari pedyo uye neutrons mairi vouta.

Panyaya iyi pane mukana wokuti branching, chain zvakaitwa kuwedzera kupatsanurwa mabhomba nuclei uye tanga yakawanda simba.

Kana zvakadaro cheni maitiro rinodzorwa, rinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, nokuti kudziyisa kana yemagetsi. pezvakaitwa vakadaro kuitwa panguva renyukireya simba zvinomera uye reactors.

Kana uchitadza kudzora maitiro, maatomu kuputika zvichaitika. Kufanana kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.

pane imwe chete chinhu vivo - uranium exchange ane fissile imwe chete isotope nhamba 235. Zviri chombo.

In zvake renyukireya reactor uranium exchange kubva uranium exchange-238 pasi pokudzora Nyuturoni chimiro itsva isotope No.239, uye pairi - plutonium, riri chakagadzirwa uye kwete kuwanikwa vivo. Saka pavaiwana plutonium-239 rinoshandiswa kuti zvombo zvinangwa. Chirongwa fission yenyukireya ndiwo zvose zvombo zvenyukireya uye simba.

Zviitiko zvakadai Arifa kuora uye Beta kuora, kuti nzira iyo inodzidziswa muzvikoro, izvo zvakapararira munguva yedu. Nokuda kuita izvi, pane simba renyukireya zvinomera, uye nezvimwe kugadzirwa vazhinji kwakavakirwa wefizikisi yenyukireya. Asi usakanganwa pamusoro radioactivity zvakawanda zvinhu izvi. Paunoshanda navo vanoda chaiyo kuchengetedzwa, uye uchiwirirana nomwoyo kuchengeteka zviyero. Zvikasadaro, Zvingatoita kuti irreparable njodzi.