Copper mhangura. Ichikosha munhoroondo yevanhu

Mumwe simbi rokutanga, izvo akadzidza kushanda murume aiva zvemhangura, kana Latin Cuprum (cu). basa rake riri kukura yebudiriro kwevanhu hazvitomboiti kuti vanowedzeredza: a ichikosha wose munhoroondo akadana "Bronze Age" (endarira - ane chiwanikwa kuti gaba uye mhangura). Gamuchirai ichi chakanaka uye nyore kufurirwa simbi (mhangura ruvara - yendarama blue) vakadzidzira BC. Mashoko "bornite", "chalcopyrite", "chalcocite", "covelline", "enargite", "cuprite" Zvinoita sokuti zita chinhu chinoshamisa, asi chaizvoizvo ari atumidzwa vamwe mhangura inobereka ores. Panobva simbi uyu zvemhangura mhangura.

Zvakasikwa, Cuprum angave ari muchimiro zvinokosha uye chimiro yeimwe. Pane mhando dzakasiyana anoverengeka ores chemhangura, izvo akafanana inogona rakakamurwa sulfide, oxidized uye zvakasiyana. Yemanyorero mhangura mhangura yakaoma, rine zvakawanda zvimwe zvinhu uye yeimwe - sulfides mutobvu, zingi, nickel nezvimwe zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, muna ayo akafanana, pane chero zvinhu - selenium, tellurium, cadmium, indium, uye zvakafanana. Pamusangano mari nesimbi izvi hazvisi asingasviki 50% kubva Cuprum, abudisa kubva padombo.

The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa sulfide ores dzine cú remubatanidzwa nesarufa. Pasina kugadzirwa mhangura chinosanganisira akasiyana nzendo dzakawanda. The nzira chikuru chacho kugadzirwa ari pyrometallurgical.

Yemanyorero mhangura mhangura ine zvishoma mari Cuprum, saka rora kare pasi vapfume. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kwakanyorwa pulverized, hwakakanyiwa nemvura uye vamwe fuma inokosha, uye zvino Vakaisa flotation muchina. Pane zvose vakavhengana, sulphide nezvimedu zvinosimuka pemvura sechipiriso furo uye Akatapa, uye matongo yogara kusvikira pasi.

Inotevera pavaipfuura kubudiswa, zvinotora mhangura mhangura, inonzi "kuvanatsa kuti matte." Kuna Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu Wakawedzerwa musanganiswa jecha uye nenharo kusvikira zvesimbi utsotso tembiricha. With ekisiposha sarufa hwakadaro oxidized kuti nesarufa oxide, uye yakaumbwa nesimbi inounganidzwa nechepasi mevira. uchanyangadika ichi yakadururirwa imwe convert uye anotakurwa nemhepo. Somugumisiro, somugumisiro wacho oxidation rwesarufa akawana esimbi mhangura, rinoteurirwa kupinda anoumba. Pamusoro kutonhora vara izvi (umo zviri bv ndiyo 98%) anosunungurwa sarufa dioxide. It inounganidzwa uye akabva ashandisa sechinhu feedstock kuti pagadzirwe sulfuric acid.

Kuti tiwane zvinodiwa simbi kuchena kwakafumuka mhangura anofanira pasi yokucheneswa. Zvinokosha mhando mbiri - moto, kana electrodeposition. Achinatsa kunogonawo yomuchinda nesimbi zviri zvichiguma mhoni zvemhangura.

Fire achinatsa rinoitwa munguva chaiyo yamavira, electrolysis rinoitwa munyika mabhati mudungwe kutungamirira kana raive nebutiro epurasitiki.

Nokuti moto yokuchenesa kunoguma billet akapiwa muvira uye yakarukutika. Zvadaro chitanga inotubuka mhepo kuburikidza nemvura simbi. Mune oxidation pakati netsvina zvinoenda gang, uye mumwe ari sublimated hwabviswa vira romoto magasi. Oxidized zvakare Cuprum. vanokudzwa nesimbi All vari uchanyangadika. Recovery oxidized mhangura rikaitika kubata pamwe kabhoni panobva iyo protrude gasi muvhenganiswa paromazutnaya uye t. D. yakadaro kuvhiyiwa inonzi bundu mhangura. Saka Cũ ari akapora kabhoni matanda. Ipapo vara kuraswa kana chinokosha anode mahwendefa electrolytic yokucheneswa.

By electrolysis pakagadzirwa akareva mune nyaya apo mhangura rinofanira kushandiswa mune magetsi indasitiri, kana kana rine yakawanda vanokudzwa simbi (sirivha, nendarama, Platinum).

Muna electrolysis bhati vakazadzwa electrolyte, zviri akaisa rakanatswa mhangura sezvo anode uye cathode sezvo wakachena cu, uye ano wapfuura nokushambidza. Somugumisiro, mashoko cathode iri rakachengetedzwa yakaisvonaka simbi (kuchena - kusvika 99,95%).