Chegumi - chegumi ... mu Russia yekare

Zvegumi akaita chiyero nyika mugove ane rectangular parallelogram chimiro pamwe dzakasiyana maviri kumativi acho

• 80 uye 30 mamita - "matatu";
• 60 uye 40 mamita - "sorokovke".

Iye akapiwa zita "breech chegumi" uye akaita zvikuru Russian nyika chiyero.

Kududzirwa pfungwa

Chegumi - a Russian chairema yakayerwa kare, pachinhu panyika nharaunda, rave hunofananidzwa 2,400 mativi vakati vapfuura (anenge 1,09 hectares) uye rakashandiswa muna Russia pamberi yebhuku rinokosha arşive hurongwa.

Chinhu zviripo kutsanangura rokuti "kunzwisisa" - Russian mwero urefu, zvakatemwa nokuda paavhareji kukura dzemuviri. Somuenzaniso, imwe duku tsoka nomwe - kubva pamafudzi kusvika pasi, uye oblique - kubva mukati rworuboshwe gumbo tsoka pamusoro minwe yoruoko rwake rworudyi kumutswa.

Zvenhau pamwe maererano kuti pfungwa iyi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva pakuguma XV remakore nyika nzvimbo yakanga kazhinji akayera kunzvimbo mbiri. Nyika chegumi aimiririra geometric chimiro akadai mativi mativi akaenzana 1/10 imwe maira (2500 sq. mamita). Maererano nemirayiridzo muganhu zvokufambidzana shure 1753 gore, saizi raro kuenzaniswa 2,400 mativi vakati vapfuura (1.0925 hectares).

The typology yeRussian chiyero yekare nyika

Mukunopera XVIII - mangwanani XX emakore. Akashandisawo chegumi, nzvimbo iyo yave anomiririrwa mhuka yakadai:

1. Kutsvetera - 80 kusvika 40 vakati vapfuura (3,200 akaenzana).
2. Round - 60 kusvika 60 mamita (3600 akaenzana).
3. Mazana - 100 kusvika 100 vakati vapfuura (10,000 akaenzana).
4. Nwiwa - 80 kusvika 10 mamita (800 dzinoungana), uye vamwe.

Zvadaro, mushure October Revolution, tichitarisa yezwi arşive hurongwa, maererano chirevo SNK of RSFSR, yomusi 14 September 1918, zvegumi nechiyero aihuitira kushandiswa, uye pamwe September 1, 1927 zvakarambidzwa zvachose.

Pamwe naye kare, uye mamwe zvakajairika panguva dzakabatana:

• padiki (0.045 m);
• Chivanze (0.71 m);
• versta (1.06 km);
• tsoka nhanhatu (2.13 m).

Zvinokosha kuti tiyeuke kuti nezvegumi nyika yakanga yakaenzana mune mashoko vezvikwata edu 1,09 hectares.

Chimwe chinhu kushandisa pfungwa

Chegumi muna Ancient Russia - asiwo mhando yevateresi kuzviuru vabatsirwe nevafundisi, hurumende kana rechitendero. Nokuti naye kuunganidza mumadhipatimendi wemabhishopi paiva kunyange mukuru chaiwo - desyatilnik.

Panguva iyoyo, zvegumi - asiwo diki kadikidiki parishes ari diocese, dzakanga dzakabatwa mu ichangobva kutaurwa nevatungamiriri, uye ipapo - chiefs vapristi. Mukuwedzera kwavari, mumatunhu aya mushure Zana Zvitsauko of Church ikoko desyatskie vapristi kuita mamwe mabasa mukuru-dzataurwa pamusoro apa. Ivo vakasarudzwa muMoscow pakutanga pamusoro XVIII remakore.

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti pasi review,

Zvinokosha kuti tiyeuke kuti chegumi kuRussia yekare - ndiro muripo kuti mubayiro rusichi mhirizhonga munguva iri Mongol-wechiTatar joko. The kuzvidzora maitiro mumazuva iwayo akanga akapa nzvimbo dzakadai foromani, wezana, zviuru, Prince. Zvino chimiro ino yave iripo kwemazana emakore. Sezvo zvava pachena, munyika ino pane imwe mudzi shoko - the foromani. Izvi non-chero nguva.

Shoko iri rinoreva munhu hofisi paruzhinji, kureva, sarudza mumwe gumi kukwikwidza vanoziva mumwe Somuenzaniso, vanhuwo zvavo. Murume akanga akabatikana kuisa siyana nenyaya mukati munharaunda uye dzinomiririrwa ayo zvido mukati mumusha, mazana, etc. Akabatsirwa vamwe vemunharaunda - .. Varimi.

rutsigiro ichi wakange chaiko hunhu - kushanda imwe nguva ari papurazi foromani, uye mhando mashoko - kuchinjwa chikamu mukukohwa kwake. Saka chegumi 1 yaiva 10% kana kushanda nguva, kana kukohwewa zvirimwa. It waitsigira vanonzi mites, izvo apinda kubudikidza neimwe nhengo munharaunda, kunze foromani, vanhuwo chikonzero.

Material chimiro wechegumi

Zvingava michero uye tsanga, uye miriwo, uye waini, uye, gare gare, mhuka dzakanga aionekwa somunhu chigadzirwa yenyika. Ini kumbofunga mutero haana kuita basa mari sezvakarayirwa pamurayiro waMozisi, kuti zvinoshanda panyika yose ndeyaJehovha. Mari iri kushandiswa chete kunotenga muguta uye haana vairidza chinotsiva nerokuti.

Chegumi - raiva mutero ari muchimiro mhuka uye zvipo enyika. Hapana ari yaiti mumagwaro, kuti zvive manotsi kana kubhengi macheki kuiswa pamusoro tireyi kereke vhiki imwe neimwe, sezvinowanzoita yazvino chechi nemapazi panguva akakodzera yevakuru.

Chegumi: How zvikuru

Zvinozivikanwa kuti magwaro dzemuBhaibheri vaIsraeri akaraira kubayira chegumi kwemakore manomwe. It yakakamurwa kuva nhatu marudzi. Maererano yekare, zvegumi wokutanga vanyore vapristi nevaRevhi 10 - 100% of raora wenyika mabasa nokuda matanhatu zvinogara vokutanga.

Chechipiri - mapfumo pamazororo uye akanga 10 - 90% of mugove vasara pashure kuchinjwa chegumi vaRevhi. Inodya pamberi paJehovha. chegumi iyi akaparadzaniswa chete pazuva rokutanga, wechipiri, wechina uye wechishanu pagore. Third - akapiwa varombo 10 - 90%. Kuchirangarirwa kuti mutero mhando Akamboramba kungobva rechitatu nerechitanhatu gore. Hapana rudzi yake havana akashivirira nezuva rechinomwe (Sabata) gore.

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo: "Kupa chegumi - How zvikuru" - ano chakaoma kunyange kereke nevashandi.

Nhoroondo chegumi muna Christianity

isu Kutanga akanzwa pfungwa iyi yekare pamusoro. Chaiva chinhu panotaurwa mashoko akapoteredza chokwadi kuti zvose zvipo dzenyika She, uye kuramba kunyange zviduku chikamu zvakanzi sechinhu chiito yekuba naMwari. No mutendi kunyange akashanyira pfungwa haisi kupa zvegumi.

In yekare ichikosha iripo temberi kana chechi, tichitarisa iyo Neu, Abel nevamwe vakatendeka anoitwa mari kuti desyatinas zvakananga panze. Chakandibatsira kana uchida mumwe munhu kuvaka atari oga, dzataigona kuunza mutero kuna Mwari.

Zvisinei, pashure penguva Ishe akasarudza vanhu uye yakananga vanhu pakunamata uye chegumi muunganidzwa maitirwe ezvinhu. All, pasina chaakasiya ivo ariise nguva madzungairiro Mozisi katatu mugore.

Saka, zvegumi - rubatsiro imwe mhando kereke, kwaiva kuramba remapazi ayo uye basa, izvo waitsigira mubayiro vapristi vavo vabatsiri, achiparidza zvose mudzimba uye mutemberi.

tsika dzakadaro rwaiitwa pamberi kuuya kwaJesu Kristu uye nekuroverwa kwake paKarivhari. Pashure chibayiro mhando iyi zvakateverwa pokuparadzwa mutemberi weKarivari, uye vamwe vaKristu akadudzira ichi sechinhu abolition ari chegumi. Zvisinei, muna muTestamende Itsva, tinogona kuona kuti haisati akadzima. Kunyange pasina machechi zvegumi vachiri kupa, nokuti zvakafanira chishandiswa zvisingakoshi kuvapo sezvo vafundisi uye zvechitendero. Zvakanga zvakadaro nzira yokutsigira upenyu sechiratidzo kutenda uye kuteerera.

Zvegumi zviunganidzwe vapristi nevaapostora, nhepfenyuro mharidzo yake muJerusarema, uye mhiri nyika. Kuti asimbise mashoko aJesu ari toreva vakaramba kuvapo kwayo muunganidzwa mitemo zviri mumagwaro emuTesitamende yekare, chiKristu vatsigiri kumbotipa muenzaniso pakutaura: "Ini handina kuuya kuzoparadza, asi kuzozadzisa."

Kukosha 10 Christianity

Kunoratidza kuti hwakakwana pachinhu naMwari kuitira mutsa uye anoita nhamba yechitatu iri dzvene cheni - 3, 7, 10. Nhamba "gumi" rinoratidza kusavapo kuvamirira kuti yakakwana kutenderera rapera. A mutero vaiona anoratidza nayo chero zvakafanira.

Zvinokwanisika kusimbisa zvinotevera pfungwa munhoroondo zvitsvene, aionekwa nhamba 10, anoti:

1. kuguma panguva Noa kare kwakaitika X remakore (Byt.5).

2. gumi mirayiro inokosha matsvene muchiKristu.

3. Munyengetero The waShe ine pfungwa huru gumi.

4. Basa zvegumi Aimiririrwa chokuti murume anofanira kupa Mwari.

5. Ruregerero mweya kwakunoitwa 10 REP. (0.5 neshekeri).

6. gumi matambudziko kwaMwari chaipiwa kutenderera Egipita (Iskh.9: 14).

7. Simba kwaAntikristu akareva 10 umambo denominated nyanga gumi yechina nezvigunwe gumi chidhori Nebhukadhinezari. Paiva nevanhu gumi, izvo kuve Abhurahama kubudikidza nechipikirwa.

8. 10 akafukidza akafukidzwa nematehwe (Iskh.26: 1).

9. Moto wakaburuka kubva kudenga, chaizvo 10 nguva.

10. Gumi mhandara ataure kuzara akaronga: vakatendeka uye infidels.

Saka, nhamba iri akasarudzwa naJehovha kwete mukana, nokuti, kamwe zvakare zvinokosha kuyeuka, ndiye wechitatu nhamba, pamwe pakukwana.

afterword

Achipfupikisa ose pamusoro, pane zvinhu zvitatu tsanangudzo rokuti pasi review, kunyanya:

1. Chechi chegumi akaita chegumi yemari, izvo kuzviuru nechechi masangano nevanhu vanogara. In Rus yekare 'zvakatanga neMweya Mutsvene Prince Vladimir pashure guru Kubhabhatidzwa Russia uye akaronga kuti Kiev chegumi chechi, uye gare gare akava ruvara yezvisikwa mutero kuzviuru dzazvinogara zvimwe pane dzemamongi masangano ezvitendero.

2. chegumi vakashumira Ecclesiastical dunhu kuRussia, imwe chikamu diocese pamberi pakutanga XVIII remakore. Kumusoro waiva munhu vaneHupirisita chaiyo nzvimbo - the foromani. Its basa kubva pakutanga 1551 iri zvishoma vachida desyatskim vapristi vouprista.

3 maeka nyika - Old Russian mwero munyika nzvimbo. Sezvo mugumo XV remakore yakanga pakutanga dzaona nemapoka maviri uye vane chimiro sikweya ane mativi vakaenzana 0.1 maira (2500 sq. Mamita). Naizvozvo, maererano nemirayiridzo muganhu zvokufambidzana shure 1753 gore, nyika nechiyero akanga akaenzana 2,400 mativi vakati vapfuura (1.0925 hectares).

Panyaya ano maonero ari Biblical mutemo panyaya chegumi, mutendi wose anozvisarudzira, zvinokosha kuti kupa mutero kuna kumusoro ongororo kana kwete uye mune mari.