Kasimov Khanate kare, ndima, utungamiriri

Izvi dzidzo pachena, iyo rakamuka muzana remakore rechi15 uye akapedza makore anopfuura mazana maviri, achiri nyaya huru kukurukura, vadzidzi iyo ndiyo chiremerera dzakaitika. Kasimov Khanate - yakasiyana zvechokwadi chakajairika kare. Apo akasimuka? Chii chinzvimbo chaiva? Basa ripi basa naye munhau Russian? Nei umambo "Genghisides" yakadhirika? Heano huru nyaya dziri nharo pamusoro nyanzvi kare. Kushaya yakananga zvinyorwa uye paucity uchapupu kumanikidzira dzekare sarudza chete zvokufungidzira kuti chii chaiva emakore mashoma apfuura Kasimov Khanate. Nhasi, Fani iyi haina kudzidza kusvikira pakuguma. Ngatiedzei muchidimbu huru dzidziso kudzidza uye ongorora, chii chingava nyaya Kasimov Khanate.

nucleation centre

The pamusoro mamiriro unoteverwa unhu statehood yakabuda, maererano masayendisiti, munzvimbo yorudzi akararama Meshchera. Vamiririri Its, kutaura mumwe Finno-Ugric mitauro, Semi-anongofamba vanhu. Pakutanga mumireniyamu yechipiri, nharaunda worudzi yakapamba necheSalvic krivichi. Hatigoni kutaura kuti meschertsy dzakafara kukokwa vaenzi, asi kudziona yavo, havana.

Uye krivichi vakamira yakakwirira padanho kukura, saka kubatsira Aboriginal vanhu kuti upenyu hwavo zvikuru yakabudirira tsika. Zvisinei, wehondo zvakashamisa, sezvo Slavs ararame refu panzvimbo imwe. Meschertsy kutanga akaona misha matanda oshkurennyh yokugara yaiva zvikuru akasununguka pane ari dugouts. Papera kanguva, uye "zvemo" akatanga kuvaka pacharo kari, achitevera muenzaniso Krivichy. Uye akanga achiri zvokudya zvokurima, uyewo kuita zvehari, uye blacksmithing. Hapana ichi vakapukunyuka pfungwa vazvo. Pakupedzisira, mhuri mbiri podruzhatsya uye zvizununguke pamwechete. ropa ravo hwakakanyiwa, panguva Aboriginal taramuka kupinda mamiriro dzechihedheni tsika, mutauro netsika. Ivo kuchabatanidza ose "yemhando" kuti vabudirire Slavs uye kurarama nemuenzaniso wavo.

Gorodets Meshchersky

Makore akazotevera meschertsy krivichi uye vachaitwa revatema. musha wavo rinochinjwa kuva zvemagariro miganhu nharaunda ine zita rakanaka Gorodets Meshchersky. Yakanga uye paiva Kasimov Khanate. Miganhu kugarwa yaiva pedo nenzvimbo rwizi zvakapinda Oka Babenka.

Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, pakati pezana-Muzana remakore rechi12, Gorodets Meshchersky akashanyira Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Akabva atora kutarisirwa kusimbiswa miganhu Russia yekare, uye nechokwadi chokuti kugarwa of Slavs Krivichy uye mukana nzvimbo, Gorodets Meshchersky akarayira kurichinja nhare.

Maiva muna 1152, uye zviri pamutemo zvinofungidzirwa kuti guta rakanga rakaumbwa panguva. The yokugara akadzivirirwa remuti noruzhowa, mumwe mugero uye undotenga runodzivirira. Saka Gorodets Meshchersky akava chikuru mutarisiri Suzdal-Vladimir kwavabati. Settlement mukanyatsochengeta kutsungirira mabasa basa kusvikira muna 1376 havana kuuya Russia iri Mongol-Tatars. Muvengi vakapambwa uye moto Gorodets Meshchersky.

guta idzva

Zvisinei, pashure penguva yakati vakapukunyuka nechisimba meschertsam akakwanisa kuvaka guta, asi yakasiyana nzvimbo. Zvino kugarwa (izvo akazopiwa rimwe zita - New Nizovoy guta) riri pakati kuhova maviri makuru, vaiva kubva kumadokero uye kumabvazuva mativi sezvisingakundiki zvipingamupinyi kuti muvengi. Kubva kuchamhembe guta rimmed masango kwegore risingapindiki, uye kubva kumaodzanyemba - rwizi rurefu yemakomo kumahombekombe. Kuti usimbise kudzivirirwa panharirire guta dzakanga yakaiswa kumativi ose, pamusoro rinokwira rusvingo emapuranga. Pfungwa kuvakwa itsva uswa-nemidzi vomuguta kunze yaitonga Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow uye Prince Vasili. Vose wakaitwa Russian nyika nenzvimbo gwara, uye nokukurumidza itsva kugarwa meschertsev uye Krivichy, rakatonga kuti Alexander Ukovich Prince, vakava nhengo Moscow weutungamiriri. Uye New Nizovoy guta, sapakutanga, akaita miganhu yokuzvidzivirira chinosara nekuti munharaunda yaiva simba Kazan Khanate, izvo paitonga Ivan IV vakava rutivi Russia.

Policy Kazan vatongi

Simba Kazan umambo rave vakapfuura paruoko kuti muruoko nemhuri siyana. Mumwe wevanakomana imba youmambo yokutonga ainzi Mahmutek kuti vawane chigaro akatora upenyu hwababa vake uye mukoma.

mbiri hama dzake muduku (uye Qasim Yakub), kutiza, dzakamanikidzwa kutiza yake yaakaberekerwa Khanate. Pakarepo, vakawana pachavo vari Moscow hugota, izvo akabvunza Prince Basil II kudzivirirwa uye kuchengetedzwa. Zvisinei, mutongi wokuRussia pakati rechi15 aisada kuenda pachena kunetsana nevatongi Kazan. Muzhizha 1445 Vasiliy Temny vakarasika muhondo pedyo Suzdal vana Khan ulu-Muhammed. Uye Muchinda Moscow, pamwe nehama yake akaonekwa achiri muutapwa. Asi pashure mishomanana Vasily II akasunungurwa kuti yakakura rokudzikinura. mutongi Russian akamanikidzirwa kugumisa pamwe ulu-Mohammed chibvumirano pamusoro onerous mazwi. Prince umbofanobata kutora yakawanda Tatars, aibva mumhuri anokudzwa, uye kuona Moscow hugota "nokuda dzichifura." Sezvingatarisirwa, vanhu Russian vari kutsamwira kuti vatorwa achafanira ane. Asi kana vanakomana Kazan Khan akauya kubvunza Basil Dark patronage, akafara chijana ichi zvinhu. Vanakomana ulu-Muhammed zvechokwadi vakashumira kugara. Prince Kasim akabatsira mukurwisa Dmitry Shemyaka, iyewo akatora rutivi Russian rutsigiro rwemauto pamusoro khans Yechinwiwa Horde. Nokuti voumhare, ushingi uye kuzvipira kuna Basil II akapa Qasim nhaka, waiva pakati Gorodets Meshchersky. Saka pamuganhu Muscovy akaumba Kasimov Khanate (nguva chakangomuka - 1452), kuti ishande waiva mumwe wevanakomana muduku Khan ulu-Muhammed.

Zvisinei, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanowanzofunga kuti Tartars akaonekwa Mescherskaya pasi pamberi payo akapiwa basa rokutarisira Kashima. Izvi, zvikurukuru, kutaura vamiririri mhuri machinda Shira. Maererano nengano, vakasiya nyika ino vakashaisa Golden Horde, uye takatamira kune imwe nzvimbo itsva dzokugara, iro territorially iri pedyo nemahombekombe penzizi Oka uye CNA. Uye mumwe machinda Shira akasarudza kugara munyika Mescherskaya pasi uye kunyange kuna chiKristu, akapiwa zita idzva - Michael. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti aiva baba namachinda Meshchersky. Asi kana ari chaizvoizvo isingazivikanwi.

Qasim umambo

Kunyange paitonga Kashima yaakaronzeswa mugove Gorodets Meshchersky Yakazopiwa zita rokuti. Akamuka zita muguta Kasimov uye Kashima City. Pashure mwanakomana Khan ulu Muhammad akafa, guta guru aimbova kugarwa uye Meshcherov Krivichy akanzi Kasimov. Asi pashure pemakore mashomanana kugarwa "kushandurwa" dzakaitika muna Kasimov khanate (umambo). Kamwe kuumbwa, chikwata ichi hurumende, iyo inobva Rus yekare, zvakatanga kuonekwa rakaisvonaka zvivakwa mapurani Muslim.

tsika nemagariro

Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti kwete bedzi nedzimwe nhoroondo Kasimov Khanate, asi tsika yaro.

In yechipiri yezana remakore rechi15, ezvivako kunge akavaka Nyanzvi chaiye mapurani - ibwe Mosque ane Arch, iyo hwaponeswa, kana kwete epakutanga shanduro, kusvikira nhasi. Uye nhasi unogona vanokwira Arch uye ona picturesque zvakaita Ryazan nharaunda kubva reshiri kutiza. Dome ndiyo hombe chivako pamwe yakazaruka nhurikidzwa uye ibwe zononoka manera. On muvharanda pane playground, kukwira iro Mullah akadana vagari kundonyengetera. Zvisinei, nzvimbo iri muvharanda kweshongwe vaishandawo nzvimbo vatungamiri yokuongororwa mauto. Kwete kure chechi ndiyo mausoleum pamusoro Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), yakavakwa namabwe chena.

Wakakwanisa mubvunzo kunoshamisa kana yakagadzirwa muna nhaka mwanakomana muduku ulu-Mohammed simbi mari. Chii chaigona zvakanaka kuva nhoroondo nyanzvi dzinoti. Kanenge kusvikira remakore rechi16. Zvisinei numismatists chokwadi kuti mari Kasimov Khanate aivapo pfungwa. Zvisinei, pazasi nomushambadzi N. Shishkin mubasa rake chaiko, akanyora kuti akanga rombo kuomerera muruoko rwako mari simbi pezana-zana remakore rechi16. Mari achitengesa akaona Arabic akanyorwa, iyo anoshandura se: "Shah Ali / mambo Kasimov, gore 1553". Asi numismatists chokwadi Shishkin ndina Kunyepa, nekuti zvakadaro fomu kuna wechiTatar mari kwakanga kusingadiwi. Money Real akataura yomubati zita, nzvimbo uye gore resununguro.

Chokwadi, inotungamirwa Kasimov Khanate - a multi-danho neurongwa vanofarira inozvikudza dzekare uye vanyori. Somuenzaniso, nhoroondo Russian mamiriro nhaka akadzidza zvizere yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, musayendisiti B. Velyaminov - zviyo. The zvokutsvakurudza ake aiva mavhoriyumu mana "Kudzidza pamusoro Kasimov madzimambo namachinda." Munyori Vladimir Soloviev iroro remakore rechi19, akabudisa yokufungidzira, "Kasimov mwenga." Eya, makore mashoma gare gare zvomutengesi N. Shishkin, vaigara munharaunda Mescherskaya nyika, akanyora bhuku umo mashoko uye mashoko akatsanangura sei zvakaita dzidzo Kasimov Khanate.

Basa munhoroondo Russia

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi ndima, izvo kare maiva yokugara Krivichy uye Meshcherov rakava Russian inokosha States mugove kunyange paitonga Yuriya Dolgorukova. Kwapera A remakore, kwakasimbiswa kuva tsika uye enyika mazwi Kasimov Khanate. Makore 1445-1552 vaiva rinonyatsooneka munhoroondo naye. Zvakangotanga yakatanga ulu-Mohammed, izvo zvakabatsira Basil Dark vadzosere choushe, akarasikirwa somugumisiro kwazvakarerekera. Dmitry Shemyaka rakaparadzwa. Uye kuonga rubatsiro muchinda Moscow anopa Meshcherskaya nyika yavo Qasim.

Iye vakashumira Vasily Dark nokutendeka kuita hondo zvechiuto ari parutivi Russian wehurumende. Saka, Kasimov Khanate, ane vatongi akaramba mutemo mwanakomana wake wegotwe ulu-Mohammed pashure porufu rwake, aiva nhare wamazvirokwazvo Russia yekare.

Shahghali

Kunyanya pachinhu ichi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvemashoko Khan Shah Ali. Kunyange sezvo mukomana akanga munharo enyika kunzwisisa mutambo, apo Kazan rave anotora kurutivi Grand Duchy of Moscow, ari Crimean Khanate. Shahghali kakawanda akava mutongi woumambo Kazan, asi nguva imwe neimwe rakaparadzwa (imwe nyaya, nokutanga pakati Ivan IV). Pakupedzisira achapora Kasimov Khanate (guru - guta Qasim).

Muna 1552-M-Ali Shah pamwe nehondo yake akabatsira Ivanu Groznomu kukunda Kazan.

ukama kunoshamisa mutongi yemberi Qasim Khanate uye Suimbeki runako aiva chirikadzi wemufi Khan pakati Kazan. The musikana haana kufanana pfupi uye zvikukutu Shahghali, asi Ivan IV aida kuroorwa nomudzimai kuti inosemesa, uye vanoziva zviroto zvavo. Asi mufaro muchato kana Suimbeki kana Shah-Ali haana kuuya. chirikadzi Beautiful akararama upenyu hwake hwose, seshiri iri keji, pasina vachisiya Kasimov Palace uye Khan nguva dzose kuvaremedza ndechokuti mudzimai wake kusemeswa.

Zvakapembererwa zvombo Kasimov Khan vayemurwe nevanhu vakawanda Russian. Shahghali akabatsira kudzvinyirira yemuna muna Kazan muna 1554, uye ipapo muchirongwa muhondo pedyo Vyborg pamwe yeSweden, uye ipapo akaenda ruchirwisana Livonia. Uye muna 1562 akarwa pamusoro Russian divi pamusoro Polish King Sigismund, mune ichi uto kushanda Shah akakunda Polotsk. Kwapera gore, mambo akarayira kuti kuenda Khan Lithuania. Mushandirapamwe uyu Shah-Ali akaperekedza tenzi Ivan Wolski.

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi wechiTatar warlord akabatsira yekudyidzana kuwedzera miganhu yeRussian wehurumende. A kukuru kana zvakanga Kasimov Khanate? The nharaunda nhaka kwaisanganisira, kunze guru, dzakawanda fiefs kubva wevakadzidza kuzvionera, izvo zvinosanganisira: Temnikov, ENKA, Shack, Kadom.

Maererano urudzi, "umambo" Aimiririrwa nemapoka matatu: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye Tatars uye Tatars-Mishars. Saka vanoti ethnographers, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, uyo refu vakadzidza Chiitiko rinonzi Kasimov Khanate. Mutauro vaigaramo? Pane imwe Tartar tumitauro vane zvinhu Mishar adverbs.

Ali Shah akafa muna 1567, uye muviri yomubati akavigwa mausoleum pamusoro Kasimov.

emakore anoverengeka pashure dzakaitika V. Velyaminov - Zernov akanyora kuti, kunze Khan, mitumbi Tekie mwenga wake Bulak-Sharimaneseri uye Suimbek nehama dzinoverengeka.

The mutsivi Shah-Ali

zvino uyo vakapinda nhaka Kasimov Khanate? Historical Rondedzero dzinoratidza kuti mugumo uyu paakavapa hama yokure Shah-Ali, uye panguva imwecheteyo guru-muzukuru Akhmat Khan Yechinwiwa Horde. Akanzi Bhattacharjee-Bulat. Management Mescherskaya nyika akaramba achizviisa Ivan Grozny. Zvino muridzi mutsva Kasimov Khanate akatanga kubatsira Russian chamber kukunda kundima itsva.

Muna 1573, Khan akabhabhatidzwa muKereke Orthodox uye akatora zita Simioni. Pashure paizvozvo Ivan IV rwaakatora Bhattacharjee-Bulat Meshchersky unopinza, asi vakamusiya rokuremekedza. Makore maviri gare gare, Anotyisa tisingatarisiri akazivisa Simioni Bekbulatovich "chevaux uye Grand Muchinda All Russia." Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi zvose zvashanduka kuva vanhuwo zvokushandisa: Ivan IV chinhu haana kukanda chigaro. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare Anotyisa kunyimwa Khan guru rokuti, asi pachinzvimbo kupiwa nhaka nhaka Tver. Asi chii Kasimov Khanate? Yaigarwa nenyika ino, kubva pfungwa nemaonero vamiririri wechiTatar vakakwirira, kuzvionera, sezvo remakore rechi16 zvishoma nezvishoma shoma. All nokuti kuti basa vaMuslim yava pasi Russia yakanga rwaiitwa kare-kumativi matatu, uye Ivan Vi haasisina kuonekwa muumambo, yakavakirwa mwanakomana muduku ulu-Mohammed, tarisiro huru.

Umambo Panguva Troubles

Kana choushe kuRussia, akaedza kubvuta Nedzenhema Dmitry II, muna Mescherskaya muvhu anotonga Khan Kazakh chigaro Uraz-Mohammed. Izvi akamupa fiefdom muna 1600. Boris Godunov pachake. Kana muRussia nastupiliSmutnye nguva, Khan akabvuma mu "Tushino mbavha" mutongi varipo. Uraz-Mohammed vakatamira Tushino. Nokuti ichi kuita mambo Vasiliy Shuysky rakakombwa guru Kasimov Khanate. The munyengeri kutiza, uye zvadaro akaonekwa Kaluga. Nokukurumidza Kazakh Khan uyewo anosiya miganhu nhaka yavo, uye kutanga pamisasa yamambo Polish, uye ipapo vakaenda Kaluga, kugara padare Sigismund III. Mwanakomana mubati Kasimov umambo panguva iyoyo aivawo Kaluga. Uye mushure mechinguva mwana Uraz-Mohammed akati Venhema Dmitry II, iyo Khan anoda aizomupandukira. Somugumisiro, Tushino mbavha vakakwezvwa Uraz-Mohammed kunovhima, uye ipapo vakamuuraya. Asi nokukurumidza zvinoitirwa nokuwira munyengeri, uchafa panguva mumaoko Nogai Prince Peter Urusova.

Meschera muzana remakore rechi17

In yokutanga yezana remakore rechi17 akatora choushe Kasimov Araslan Aleevich, uyo kutanga akashumira Second varwi warlord uye akarayira Tartar hondo pamusoro Vologda River. Panguva yokutonga kwake, Moscow kuramba vachipindira munyaya dzomunyika yacho Khanate. nokukurumidza magavhuna Russian mambo akatanga kugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati vamiririri wechiTatar kwamachinda. Yakanaka risati tandem (Kasimov Khanate uye Russia) yaitonga Mikhail Romanov rava zvisingachashandi vanenge zana rimwe muzana.

Asi zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti kusvikira 20s ramakore rechi17 kuti Tatars vakaramba kubatanidzwa nokushingaira uri parutivi Muscovite naChangamire rutsigiro rwemauto pamusoro Lithuanians, Poles, uye "Russian Likhodeev". Vakabva dzairinda muganhu Russia kubva mungozi yokurwiswa ari Crimean Tatars. Pakafa Meshchersky Araslana venyika Aleevicha akaenda ake hofisi muduku mwanakomana Seyid-Burhan. Zvisinei, zviremera zvenyika mumiririri kuSiberia dzinza raiva shoma. Kasimov Khanate, vane upfumi huri chokwadi zvakazoonekwa kuti kuva mumaoko Moscow State akava mumwe mukuru zvinyorwa muzadze Russian papfuma. Asi mutongi muduku aibvumirwa kutaura vatengesi vavatorwa nhume. Akura, Seid-Burhan kushandisa Orthodoxy achiva Basil Araslanovichem. Kasimov akaramba gavhuna, kunyange zvazvo achavaponesa zvishomanana. Seid-Burhan akafa muna 1679.

madokero umambo

The mutongi wokupedzisira panyika vakava Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (mukadzi Khan Araslana Aleevicha). Kuva repakati, akanga makore 2 chete pachigaro, uye ayo gavhuna wakange kusununguka. Its anofungidzirwa kunyimwa upenyu. Chikonzero nokuuraya yakanga kuti mutongi aida exchange kuna Orthodoxy.

Kasimov Khanate, ane ndima afa Fatima Sultan ikazosvika pasi kudzorwa Moscow machinda, vakaguma kuvapo muna na1681. Zvadaro Meshcherskys nyika akashanyira chevaux Peter I, uyo akabvumira "poteshniku" ake - chigure Balakirev - ". Kasinovskim Khan" anonzi Gare gare, Empress Catherine ndakapa Kasimov pakushandisa imwe kwemwoyo wake.

The yemapuranga Kasimov kakawanda nyaya moto, iyo inobata zvikurukuru nhoroondo chitarisiko muguta. Chete mukupera rechi18 rakava ibwe anoonga kuitwa mapurani I. Gagina. Modern Kasimov, riri munzvimbo Ryazan nharaunda, inzvimbo wevasungwa revashanyi kubva zvose pamusoro Russia.