Nhoroondo yekare yeIjipiti. Culture, vanafarao, mapiramidhi

Rich uye yakanaka yekare kare. Ijipiti, Bhabhironi, Jerusarema - mazita aya pedo uye anodiwa munhu wese nokusingaperi kure kubva vanoziva Muronga kukura vanhu. Funga ino tsika yeIjipiti yekare.

hurumende muIjipiti sei?

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, voruzhinji, yainzi Ijipiti, rakavambwa muna North Africa, mumupata rwizi hombe inonzi Nile. Budiriro iyi ndeyedu, pamwe Indian uye Chinese, kuti zvekare zvokurima zvirimwa. Mabviro muEgipita wehurumende kutakura anenge 4-5 chemakore BC.

Nhasi kune sayenzi rose - Egyptology, izvo inodzidza muEgipita tsika sezvo rakabatana uye siyana kuvimbika.

Vezvenhau ziva zvinotevera nzendo kukura wehurumende ichi:

1. Pre-dynastic Egipita.
2. Kwekutanga umambo.
3. Umambo yekare.
4. Middle Kingdom.
5. Kingdom New.
6. Gare gare umambo.
7. Nguva yokutonga Ptolemy.

Nhoroondo mukuru weIjipiti pakutanga munhoroondo nzira

Public dzidzo munyika ino kunotanga yokuti matanda maviri vari yakaumbwa kuti Membros Egipita. Guta guru itsva mamiriro anova guta Menfis. Kubatana kurongedza migove miviri Egipita akabata Menez mutongi. Panguva iyo ikoko uye kudiwa nehurumende masangano: yekare, hondo, ezvitendero zviduku uye dzavo dzidziso.

ichatonga zvine mbiri wehurumende

Egypt zvasvika kubudirira kwayo mukuru pakati nhoroondo yaro. nguva iyi inonzi dynastic nguva, apo pachigaro choushe vakatevera mumwe imba Farao.

Chokwadi kuti Egipita kanosvota rechitendero chinokosha akasikwa, izvo, kuwedzera deification vehondo zvakasikwa, yaisanganisira uye deification yamambo munhu. Farao simba rakanga rakakura, nokuti aiva muenzaniso vake vose panyika. Saizvozvowo, kana Farao airarama upenyu hwakarurama, uye zvaifadza vamwari, iye navanhu vake vakaponeswa inotevera kuvapo.

Nokudaro, ngwariro chaiyo richengetedzwe zvitunha, nekuti zvitendero anotarisirwa kumuka muviri. The mapiramidhi veIjipiti yokutanga dzakavakwa sezvinoita hombe uye hombe makuva vanafarao akafa.

Ndezvipi makuva kupfuura guru?

Setsika, vanaFarao vakafa akavigwa mupata Kings. mitumbi yavo mummified, uye pamwe navo multi-layered sarcophagus akaisa yakawanda unyanzvi uye upenyu. Zvisinei, pakati nhoroondo yaro, vaIjipiti vakatanga kuvaka makuva kwazvo nokuda vanafarao, vakagamuchira zita chepiramidhi.

Nhasi, yakakurumbira zvikuru guva raFarao Djoser Pyramid chimiro, vatongi Cheops uye Chephren. mapiramidhi ava zvivako zvakanaka kwazvo, vachisiya unopinza mativi magumo mudenga.

Kusvikira ikozvino, pane hypotheses zhinji sei vakanga vavaka, sei zvakavakwa vekare ezvivako uye vanatenzi, nei kuvakwa mapiramidhi apera payakakurudzirwa.

Zvakavanzwa Tomb ndirumbidzwe uye kuziva vashanyi, masayendisiti uye anokuda. Kutaura zvazviri, chaiyo nokuda mumakuva izvi yekare uye akanga akazaruka nyika ano mi- Egyptian tsika. Izvi zvakaitika chete negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, kana Ijipiti yakava nyika British. masayendisiti kuti British vakakwanisa unearth chete isina kumbobatwa guva vechiduku Farao Tutankhamun.

Egyptian tsika: magwaro dzavo

Modern Egyptologists kubvira rokupedzisira remakore mberi chaizvo kure. Nhasi, kune vazhinji zvinyorwa anogona kukubatsira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro tsika yekare. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Wekutanga chikuru chinogona zivo muEgipita hieroglyphic manyorero. Kwenguva refu, uyu ekare haanzwisisiki, nokuti hieroglyphic kunyora haana zvachose pachena kuti vokuEurope. The budiriro chaiyo Egyptology akaita musayendisiti French Jean-Fransua Shampolon, uyo akakwanisa decipher mutauro wekare vanhu. Zviya, pamusoro urove ichi uye masayendisiti vokuBritain, asi yakanga Champollion aiva pfungwa kuenda mutauro Coptic - muzukuru nevaIjipiti vekare, vakanga muna I AD remakore wokurera chiKristu uye zvachose vakasiya nhaka wechihedheni.

Egyptian tsika: magwaro dzavanhu kurarama pedyo

Panobva chechipiri zivo muEgipita tsika, muri magwaro nevanyori vechiGiriki uye mabasa kare kare. Zvisinei, ukama pakati peIjipiti uye dzimwe States dzakanga dzakaoma, saka vamwe mashoko ari izvi zvinhu zviri zvishoma chinogona kukurasa.

Uye pakupedzisira, ichangobva yokuwana mashoko pamusoro tsika muIjipita vakatanga omuBhaibheri. Zita ehurumende zvinowanzooneka kuwanikwa muMagwaro Matsvene uye mamwe magwaro vechitendero vechiJudha. Zvikurukuru, inorondedzera muudzame vakawanda Exodus vanhu vechiJudha kubva kuIjipiti (izvo kunosimbiswa zvidzidzo renyanzvi ano). Zviri muBhaibheri rinotiudza kuti ekare eramangwana acharasikirwa simba rayo uye anova zvavo mamiriro.

Egyptian ndimi

Ancient Egyptian umambo yakava chikamu yevanhu uye hurumende, izvo zvakasikwa chikuru Monuments of chivezwa, mapurani uye kupenda. Modern miziyamu kakawanda ive chaiyo Zvivako iwayo tsika kuti zvakachengetedzwa mumakuva veIjipiti yekare. Vose vari chokuita ezvitendero zviduku. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo panoratidza zvenzombe vanamwari veIjipiti uye vanamwarikadzi, mweya Munhu akafa, zvishongo yakagadzirwa anokosha nesimbi uye kunoshamisa runako zvezvimedu fenicha (chair wakavezwa, goridhe-akaafukidza zvinyorwa akaveza pamusoro pawo, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Rizivikanwe inokosha Egyptian Pamifananidzo, zvakanyorwa pamwe dzinongoitika madhayi, uye saka akachengetedzawo yakaoma Egyptian ekunze. mavara avo chikuru: tsvuku, nhema, zvitema, chena, tsvuku uye kutsamwa. Ivo zvinomiririra mifananidzo youpenyu dare uye mifananidzo vechitendero pamusoro dingindira roruvanze mhiri guva rakakumirira ose mweya pashure porufu.

Sunset Egyptian tsika

Mukupera umambo ehurumende ndokuwira kuora, saka yakanga aizokundwa hweRoma. Zvino seizvi: pachigaro choushe chikatsiviwa vanafarao zhinji. Vamwe vavo vave kukuru voruzhinji (akadai Amenhetep III). madzimambo aya yekudyidzana akawedzera miganhu zvavo, achivakurudzira kuti kundima weSiria.

Other vanafarao kana zvishoma munyaya paruzhinji zvinoitika, kana yaitoti okunyanyisa kuchinja. Saka muvandudzi Akhenatan aiva baba Tutankhamun, uyo akarota rakasikwa itsva kunamatwa Sun Mwari (Ra) dzechitendero. Zvisinei, kuchinja ake akundikana zvachose, uye hurumende ikawira mugomba kuora.

Zvinokonzera uye nemigumisiro kuparara weIjipiti

Zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera kwesimba muEgipita dzekare dzakabatanidza zviviri: kuderera vatana rechitendero ezvinhu inobva deification pamusoro paFarao vepamusoro dzinza hondo.

Yokutanga ezvinhu zvakanga zvakakomba zvikuru hurumende, iyo yakaitirwa nezvokutenda kuti mambo, baba vanhu, anogona kuunza vake vose kuti kusafa uye Mwari. Kings kazhinji vaiita zvisakafanira, uye zvaiva pachena kunyange vanhuwo zvavo. Mukuwedzera, dzoushe akatonga makuhwa, chivande uye umhondi (nenzira, Egyptologists dzakawanda dzinoti vakawanda madzimambo vanaFarao havana kufa semafiro).

Clan hondo mukati muEgipita vepamusoro kwakawedzera uye kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vatungamiri vemauto akataura pachavo vanafarao uye aida aongorore mumwe chikamu Egipita. Izvi akaita hurumende simba ichiparara, saka, nyore kune hondo mamwe anoti.

izvi zvose zvakatungamirira kuti Ijipiti rawa muduku uye vanozvikudza nemauto mutungamiri Alexander Mukuru, anozivikanwa pasi yakakuwandira mauto. Uye pashure tanga uye kufirwa mukundi guru muEgipita wehurumende kwapfuura mumwe shamwari yake - Ptolemy.

Saka vakatanga ekutonga Ptolemaic dzinza nomutorwa mamiriro. Guta guru reIjipiti akabva atamira kune guta reArekizandriya, akanga akakurumbira emakore kuti raibhurari yacho zvinoshamisa. The chaizvo chete kuIjipiti kubva kamwe simba rudzi rwauya ive nyika zvokurima iri nokutengesa zvokudya zvenyika yekare.

Umambo yekare rakarasika ayo rusununguko nokusingaperi. Mambokadzi wekupedzisira Ptolemies rakanga rudzi nomukurumbira runako Cleopatra. Iye vakazviuraya paakaziva kuti mauto eRoma vakagadzirira kushayisa naye wake choushe. Sezvo Ijipiti akava mumwe enyika anotyisa hweRoma.

Zvichireva Egyptian kupunduka

Vakawanda vakararama panguva yedu kunyatsozivana kare. Egipita pakati dzimwe inoti kutanga uye nzvimbo rukudzo. vashanyi vakawanda ikozvino kuuya nyika ino haisi zvikuru nokuda kwayo inodziya okunze, asi nokuda excursions zvikuru nzvimbo dzekare.

Nokuti emunhu chaizvo muIjipiti budiriro. Akandiitira muenzaniso ezvinhu hurongwa. A simba uye cohesive sangano rine zvakadai evanhu masangano sezvo basa hondo, kukura ane pfungwa ezvinhu, ezvinhu dzidzo uye kurovedzwa, kupa migumisiro yakanaka kwazvo kwose. Hurumende anova mutungamiri pakati vavakidzani varo, saka zvinogona kukodzera chinzvimbo chepamusoro uye anopa nhengo dzayo pfungwa chengetekei uye chivimbo.

Siyana kare weIjipiti uye kwayo budiriro - muenzaniso mukuru hurumende.

Zviya, uprofita hweBhaibheri nokuuya itsva nguva ekare nokusingaperi vakarasika mamiriro ayo ave simba guru.

Gare gare mamiriro ichi pasi vechiArabhu kukunda, saka nhasi, Ijipiti ndiyo imwe vechiArabhu nyika. Indigenous vanhu, akadana Copts, vakaona kusarura nokuti t. To. Vanhu ava vaKristu vaigara munyika muMuslim.