Biotic ukama zvakasikwa. Mienzaniso mhando biotic ukama

Biotic zvinhu zvakasikwa - chiri ukama zvose zvipenyu nemumwe uye zvakatipoteredza. Biotic anomutsa mu biogeocoenose pakati akasiyana mhuka. The inokosha uye anokosha chimiro zvisungo dzakadaro ukama chikafu, izvo zvinoumba muzvishwe uye kunzwisisa chikafu cheni.

neutralism

Biotic kubatana, umo mumwe muviri kunokosha basa asina maturo pamusoro poupenyu mumwe, wainzi neutralism. Mienzaniso vanopiwa ukama tsuro uye tapeworm, shavishavi mapundu uye nhata, asi mazhinji vamwe ziendanakuenda.

Masayendisiti akaona kuti munguva zvokurarama nazvo zvavo zvose zvipenyu akabudiswa mugomba kwezvakatipoteredza vari zvikukutu, mvura uye gaseous zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa dzimwe zvinomera, mhuka uye Micro-zvinenge.

allelopathy

Biotic kutaurirana kuitwa nemhaka dzakananga huripo metabolic zvigadzirwa, akasunungura kupinda zvakatipoteredza, rinonzi allelopathy.

Fani iyi yagara kuzivikanwa, asi chete muna 1937 reGermany musayendisiti Molisch akamupa mumwe zita.

Uyezve, Fani iyi akadzidza nezvemashandiro chirimwa. Voga Zvirimwa zvakawanda dzinaro blizrastuschih nevavakidzani sechinhu chepfu uye kunobatsira. Mienzaniso biotic ukama miti angava:

• absintin mashizha gavakava anokwanisa tunodzivisa kukura zvimwe zvirimwa zvizhinji;
• bhinzi DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA Kukura remvura gorosi;
• unosimbisa midzi wheatgrass zvakaipa kukanganisa vamwe miriwo nemiti, asiwo miti.

Animals uyewo secrete imwe pfuma - mapheromone kuti anogona kuchinja maitiro evanhu uye kukura imwe mhando. Vanogonawo nekufambisa mashoko mamwe marudzi.

Voga kuti pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu noruzhinji uye zvigare. Somuenzaniso, kuzivikanwa mishonga akadai kuti penicillin uye streptomycin yakawanikwa.

boka kushanda

Group chaizvoizvo - ndiko Optimization pamusoro pezvakaitwa zvose, izvo inoenda maximizing ari chinhanho vanhu munguva sokubika mapoto yavo. Nyaya iyi anooneka vakawanda kwemarudzi kuti kazhinji vanogona bereka uye kukura chete kana vakabatana diki kana makuru mapoka.

Mhando biotic ukama kuvimba dzinogarisana mhuka uye nzira chokuvapo kwavo. Somuenzaniso, kuti vapone boka African nzou, unofanira kuva haidereri pane vanhu makumi matatu.

makwikwi

Biotic kubatana, umo mune ukama pakati vanhu chete kana siyana kwemarudzi, izvo kushandisa chete zvinhu zvavo zvaikosha Vakaomerwa, inonzi makwikwi. Intraspecific makwikwi anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera kukuru rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. The rinofarirwa kupfuura muenzaniso uyu muitiro kuzvipira rive dete spruce.

Asi vazhinji interspecific makwikwi runozivisa norudzi mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa akafanana kwemarudzi kana nevanhu dzakasiyana marudzi. Zvinogona kuva pusa uye tichishingaira. Wokutanga kunosanganisira kushandisa zviwanikwa inodiwa yokuti mhando. Uye panguva yechipiri woutsinye mumwe rudzi nerimwe.

Makwikwi ndechimwe chikonzero chikuru nei mamwe marudzi vari nenzira yakafanana mararamiro, maitiro uye zvokudya specificity inozivikanwa, haagoni kurarama pamwe chete munharaunda. makwikwi kwakadaro kunogona dzikava kuvengana.

predation

Biotic kubatana zvakasikwa, izvo dzinoratidzwa panzira Foraging, sokugamha, uye achiuraya mhuka vavharirwa kudyiwa inonzi predation. Hwaro ukama dzakadaro nokukurukurirana zvokudya uye chikafu cheni. Chikara kunouraya zvakatapwa wokutanga, uye chete ipapo anozvidya. Asi zvisati kuti zvinokosha kubata. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, mumwe nomumwe chikara ane mudziyo unokosha. Kare, kuti vanonetswa vane unodzivirira okunze. Somuenzaniso, goko, spines, yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, chepfu uye anodzivirira coloring shwanu.

Nemhaka itirana adaptations izvi uye vakaumba mapoka zvipenyu - zvikara uye nezvavakatapa. Nezvinodzidziswa ukama vakaumba zvose zvinoumba murau nhamba.

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, masayendisiti akafunga kuti zvikara zvose - vanhu vakaipa venyika, saka vanofanira kuparadza. Zvisinei, maonero ichi chakanga chakaipa. Zviito zvakadaro achava asina kunaka nechirevo pose. Pane njodzi zvakaipa kwete chete mhuka, asiwo yose upfumi.

symbiosis

Biotic kubatana zvakasikwa, panguva iyo mumwe shamwari (kana zvose) kubatsirwa kubva ukama mumwe, akadana symbiosis.

Munyika mune mienzaniso yakawanda symbiosis vashanduri kunobatsira. Somuenzaniso, gastric uye intestinal utachiona, izvo hazvibviri pasina zvomudumbu muitiro. Kana pollination dzimwe orkideat, ane mukume anogona chete kutakura imwe mhando Tupukanana. Ukama hwakadaro kubudirira kana kuwedzera mukana wokuti vaviri vakaroorana kuti vapone.

Nemamwe mashoko - zviri zvachose chero ukama pakati zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi (ichi zvinosanganisira parasitism - rinokosha ukama runobetsera mumwe mhando, asi kukuvadza vamwe).

Symbiosis, iyo kuchabatsirawo kuti vamiririri vose inonzi mutualism. Asi commensalism - ichi ukama unobatsira mumwe, asi asina hanya nevamwe. Endosymbiosis - mano mumwe mupenyu mukati mamwe masero.

mutualism

Vakawanda chimiro kwemajoini sokubika mapoto anonzi mutualism. Biotic ukama zvakasikwa (9 kirasi zvidzidzo rinotsanangura zvakadzama nyaya) muchimiro mutualism vakaisa zvakafanira mugariro - kuvapo vacho vose. Panguva ikoku, mumwe nomumwe ishamwari unowana zvayo zvinobatsira. Somuenzaniso, mumwe anoshandisa imwe sechipiriso simba tsime, uye wechipiri mutaviridziro vavengi kana mumwaka ezvinhu kuti kukura uye kubereka.

mukwikwidzi neimwe mutualistic majoko riri udyire, uye tose tibatsirwe unovapo chete kubva pakuti zvichiguma kubatsirwa kupfuura mari, izvo zvaida kuti tiine ukama.

Wezvikamu Ukama anobatsira vane kuumbwa pamusana maitiro siyana. Mienzaniso biotic mutualism ukama - shiri vanobatanidza yayo simba nemushonga, uye panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo Distributors mbeu. Dzimwe nguva pane zvenyama ukama.

Close kuonana mhando mutualism kunoita zvavo kwemajoini shanduka. Muenzaniso mudziyo uyu vari kuti kuumbwa maruva avo mukume.

commensalism

Biotic kubatana (Grade 9) zvitatu mhando commensalism:

1. Kushandisa dzimwe mhando zvokudya.
2. Kubatanidzwa nerimwe muviri, iyo inova "tenzi".
3. Kugara zvomukati vehondo.

Relationships iyi mhando zvinokosha chaizvo kuti zvakatipoteredza, sezvo vanopa mukana imwe neimwe yenyika kurarama pamwe vakawanda marudzi, uyewo zvinobvira mukudzidzire zvakatipoteredza uye kushandisa chikafu mari.

Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho kwakadai kutaurirana kuri kuva nedzimwe shamwari. Kana kudya zvokudya paanotanga kukuvadza hondo, zvino ukama unotevera padanho uye kuva parasitism kana makwikwi.

parasitism

Parasitism - ukama imwe mhando apo chisvetasimba inoshandisa hondo sechinhu chikuru dzokugara uye simba. Biotic kubatana (tafura inopiwa munyaya) rinotsanangura ichi mhando specimens saka coexistence: chisvetasimba rinopedza mukati hondo kana ayo nechepamusoro. Parasitism kunogona kuitika pakati akasiyana mapoka zvipenyu (zvinomera, mhuka, notumwe uye munhu).

The physiology the chisvetasimba hwomunhu pasi nehondo pezvakaitwa. Naizvozvo, inobereka kuvapo vanofanira kushandisa utachiona zviwanikwa. The refu pane coexistence, nani pakuonekwa chisvetasimba zvinoenderana muridzi wayo uye anoita zvishoma hwakanaka.