Food cheni: mienzaniso. Kufanana cheni zvokudya?

The dzomusango iri rinenge hapana zvipenyu kuti haana kudyiwa nevamwe zvisikwa kana vasina kuva munhu chikafu. Saka, zvinomera unogutiswa nezvipembenene zvakawanda. Zvipembenene pachavo vari chakaurawa zvisikwa makuru. Avo kana zvimwe zvinenge zviri zviumbu izvo akaumba chikafu cheni. Mienzaniso "vajairira" akadaro anogona kuwanikwa pose pose. Saka muna mamiriro ichi, paine wokutanga bhuku pamwero. Kazhinji, zviri zvinomera. Ndeipi mimwe mienzaniso yezvokudya zvitengeswa nematunhu? Izvo zvinenge anogona kuva Links? Sei nesungano pakati pavo? About ichi akazotevera munyaya.

Vhuṱanzi

Food cheni, mienzaniso zvinopiwa pazasi, ndizvo chaizvo vanochengeta zvigare, notumwe tupukanana zvinomera uye mhuka. Mumwe Link iri yayo chechetere. Takavaka ichi "kuvimba" panheyo "zvokudya - nevatengi". At pamusoro nengetani zhinji zvokudya munhu. Pane imwe nyika kana mumwe yepamusoro nevanhu arambe achirema, ivo zviumbu duku vachange huri chizvarwa kutevedzana, sezvo vanhu vanomanikidzwa kupinda izvi zvinhu kazhinji kudya miriwo.

Uwandu zvese

Rinhiko kungava cheni zvokudya? Mienzaniso Tiered pane sequences zvakasiyana. Most kuratidzwa kuri zvinotevera: mukati nomupedzachose muviri chipo parasitic nhunzi mazana mavari - nematodes (nehonye), mu makonye, ukuwo, mabhakitiriya, zvakanaka mavari - akasiyana-siyana-wanda. Asi isingaperi nhamba Links hazvigoneki. On ose inotevera pamwero pane kuderera kuti biomass anoverengeka makumi ezviuru nguva. Somuenzaniso, Stony 1000 makirogiramu miti inogona "pave" ane zana kilogram womuviri wako. Asi ingwe kuti kuwedzera uremu kubudikidza 10 makirogiramu kusvika 100 kg asi vanofanira Elk. Nhamba vezvikwata kunobva zvinhu iyo inopfurwa mumwe kana zvimwe mhuka zvokudya cheni. Mienzaniso iyi hurongwa zvinogona kuonekwa zvakasikwa. Saka, matatya muri zvokudya waunofarira dzimwe mhando nyoka, izvo, akavapindurawo, uchidzidza nezvikara. Kazhinji, munhu "kutevedzana" zvakadai asina kupfuura vatatu kana vana dzakabatana. Izvi "chivakwa" hunonziwo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza chepiramidhi. Mariri, mumwe inotevera Danho iduku zvikuru pane yapfuura mumwe.

Sei kubata mukati nharaunda yacho mapiramidhi?

zvokudya cheni sei? Mienzaniso pamusoro apa kuti mumwe yakazotonga kubatana anofanira kuva pane imwe yepamusoro pamwero kukura pane yapfuura mumwe. Sezvambotaurwa, ukama chero zvipenyu mapiramidhi dzakavakwa panheyo 'zvokudya-kuti-nevatengi ". Nokuda kudya nezvimwe zvinenge vakatakura simba kuchinjirwa kubva repasi yakakwirira nhanho. Somugumisiro, makopi zvinhu zvakasikwa.

Food cheni. mienzaniso

Conventionally, pane mhando wandei zvipenyu mapiramidhi. Pane kunyanya cheni zvigare zvokudya. Mienzaniso kuti kunogona kuonekwawo zvakasikwa, ndivo sequences apo simba kuchinjirwa kunoitika pagomba rakadzika (nyore) kuti dzakakwirira Utachiona (zvikara). mapiramidhi izvi, kunyanya zvinosanganisira zvinotevera sequences: ". rodent zvikara" "nomupedzachose mbeva-nyoka-urchins-gava", Chimwe detrital chikafu cheni, mienzaniso iyo ichapiwa hereinafter, ndiyo kutevedzana umo biomass haisi kushandiswa pazvikara, uye putrefaction kuchiitika rikurumidze chokuita tusingaoneki. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi chepiramidhi zvipenyu kunotanga miti. Saka, zvikurukuru kuti anotarisa zvokudya cheni yomudondo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera: "ora-rawa mashizha chokuita tusingaoneki", "akafa munyama zvinomera, notumwe millipede-tsvina-notumwe nogohvostiki mites (zvikara) -hischniki-millipede-bacteria".

Producers uye vatengi

In guru muviri mvura (ocean, gungwa) planktonic unicellular algae vari zvokudya cladocerans (Sefa vanongodya mhuka). Ivowo, muri zvakatapwa kuti zvikara zviri umhutu mazana. Utachiona uhwu Tidzidze dzimwe mhando hove. Vakaguta hombe dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya vanhu. Izvi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza Pyramid - muenzaniso Sea chikafu cheni. Utachiona zvose kuti vave Links, vari panguva yakasiyana trophic mumatunhu. In wokutanga Danho vari vaburitsi, mangwana - consuments yokutanga kuitira (vatengi). Wechitatu trophic pamwero vatengi vari 2nd murayiro (chikuru carnivores). Ivowo, zvokudya pazvikara chesekondari - wechitatu-kuitira vatengi, uye zvichingodaro. Kazhinji, kwezvakatipoteredza Pyramid nyika dzinosanganisira matatu shanu dzakabatana.

panze dziva

Nokuti gungwa pasherefu, panzvimbo yakatenuka yacho kana kusatonzwa steeply akananga megungwa mubani zvinobva pegungwa. In mapazi ichi, zvinganaka zvitema uye mvura yakachena. Izvi imhaka kusavapo yakaturikwa inorganic yeimwe uye bhuku duku planktonic nemaziso nemhuka (phytoplankton uye zooplankton). Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mvura pose yebhuruu zvikurukuru rakajeka ruvara. Somuenzaniso, Gungwa Sargasso. Muzviitiko zvakadaro tinotaura vanonzi yomugungwa mumarenje. Muzvinhu izvi, kunyange panguva kudzika ezviuru metres vachishandisa michina anogona kuziva zvisaririra yechiedza (yebhuruu-nyoro chakarondedzera). Open gungwa tinoberekwa tisina zooplankton mazana dzakasiyana benthic zvipenyu (echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans), ane nhamba iri sezvo chinhambo kubva kumhenderekedzo anodonhedza zvikuru wakakwana. Sezvaiitwa mumvura isina kudzika, uye zvakawanda expanses mu chezuva mabasa sezvo chete simba kunobva. Somugumisiro, mashoko photosynthetic phytoplankton uchishandisa chlorophyll Anoumba Organic yeimwe kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura. Saka chii zvinonzi chikuru zvigadzirwa.

Sea Links of cheni chikafu

Synthesized algae Organic yeimwe zvaive zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga zvinenge zvose. Kubatana wechipiri cheni zvokudya mhuka mugungwa vari firita vanongodya. Utachiona, phytoplankton zvinoriumba nhaka miganhu microscopically diki (0.002-1mm). Vanozowanzova misha, asi kukura kwavo hakurevi kupfuudza millimeters shanu. Kubatana chechitatu carnivores. Vakadya firita vanongodya. Munguva pemvura, uyewo pamatunhu mumakungwa, zvinenge ava vazhinji. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, siphonophores, hwomumazinga mondo, muramba, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Pakati hove kuti dzinobvisa vanongodya zvinofanira kusanganisira herring. Zvokudya zvavo chikuru vari copepods dzichiumbwa nechokuchamhembe mumvura huru clumps. The chinhu chechina vaiona hove huru Mbeswa. Dzimwe vane dzokutengesa ukoshi. To kwokupedzisira kubatana zvinofanira kusanganisirawo cephalopods, toothed hove huru uye seabirds.

Nutrient senga

Uchatamisa Organic yeimwe chuma zvokudya pamwe chinokosha simba varasikirwa. Izvi kunyanya nokuti kuti vakawanda riri kupedzerwa muviri. About 10% simba iri mudzoke mumuviri kwomuviri fuma. Naizvozvo, Somuenzaniso, bakayawu, vachidya planktonic algae uye ndezvaiye sechivako pfupi chete cheni zvokudya, unogona kuva akadaro yakawanda, sezvo zvinoitika muna kuPeru uno. Kutamisirwa zvokudya mumba mambakwedza mapazi nokudzika chiedza nokuda yezviri kutwasuka akatama zooplankton, uye vamwe mhando hove. Kutamira kumusoro pasi nemhuka panguva dzakasiyana vari dzakasiyana pakadzika.

mhedziso

Zvinofanira akati kuti Linear zvokudya cheni vari zvisinganyanyi kuitika. In kwezvakatipoteredza mapiramidhi vakawanda anosanganisira vagari kuva vakawanda nhanho. Zvakafanana mhando zvinogona kudyiwa uye zvinomera uye mhuka; carnivores kubudikidza vatengi zvinogona kusvitsa kubudikidza rokutanga uye rechipiri nokukwirira mirairo; mhuka dzakawanda ukuparadze vapenyu uye zvinenge akafa. Nokuda kunzwisisa kubatana kwakaita, kurasikirwa chero mhando kazhinji anoita hapana zvainoita mararamiro ezvinhu. Avo zvipenyu akatora kunokurumidziswa link zvokudya ungawana mumwe kunobva zvokudya, uye zvokudya akanyangarika mamaneja kuushandisa zvimwe zvinenge. Saka ungano yose anochengeta pachiyero. Mudanga chichava zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza maitiro umo mune zvakawanda kunzwisisa cheni zvokudya, zvinosanganisira vakawanda Links, kusanganisira muzvizhinji dzakasiyana marudzi.