Ancient Egypt: ari periodization munhoroondo

History of Ancient Egypt yakatora anoverengeka zvemakore. Panguva ino, hurumende vakakwanisa aputse kakawanda, kubatanidza uye kushandura tsika tsika dzavo. Ndokusaka kare Egyptian ane tsime hwakasimbiswa periodization, izvo zvinobatsira kuti uwane pfungwa mukuru nhoroondo zviitiko izvozvo yekare.

Prehistory

Civilization akasimuka pamahombekombe aNairi, zviri zvichida kupfuura yekare munyika. Zvisinei, asati inotungamirwa yaro kwakadziva kumabvazuva vanhu vaigara Africa. Yaiva tsika Upper Paleolithic, yakabuda 40 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura. Common periodization nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare kunotangira pfungwa iyi. The tanga matongo tsika - ateriyskaya uye hormusanskaya. zvinoratidza zvavo zvakafanana anowanikwa hadziwanzowaniki uye Chidimbu.

Pakazosvika Mesolithic site halfanskoy tsika. Zvinofanira akaramba kwete chete kuIjipiti asi munguva Nubia. The neolithic tsika akaoneka vatakuri Fayum A, akasvika Africa pamwe kuMiddle East. Zvakasaririra nemisha yavo, kusanganisira kugarwa pamusoro El-Omari uye Merimde tsika.

madzinza akawanda akakwezva Ancient Egypt. Periodization anoratidza kakawanda sei vanhu prehistoric nguva zvachinja pano. Ijipiti yakanga dzaifanoiswa nharaunda - borderland pakati Asia uye Africa. Mukupera neolithic ipapo yakaumbwa Tasiyskoye, Badarian uye gerzeyskaya matongo tsika. The wokupedzisira chikatsiviwa razero imba.

pre-dynastic Egypt

Vanenge zviuru zvishanu Makore BC akaumba pre-dynastic muIjipiti yekare. Periodization nhoroondo inoratidza kuti ndipo vakatanga kuwedzera dzokumaruwa ukama usingachashandi. Zvakatanga kubuda Company, akanga atova delimited makirasi zvaro. Paiva nhapwa ukama, uye shure kwavo - muranda States.

No Egypt chete haana asi kuvapo. Nenzvimbo kunotora nguva. Iye vakabatsira kutanga zvokurima uye kuvakwa nemisha pamwe dzakavakirirwa masvingo. Muedzo akagadzirisa vagere Egipita. Paiva zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, nembambo, tsono, zvishongo zvendarama.

Anofungidzirwa muna 3200 gore pakanga razero imba BC. Izvi nyanzvi izwi vanomiririra nhamba wevatongi muEgipita, aitonga Lower uye kweEgypt. Vakanga vasina ukama, asi kungotaura venguva. Ndiyo pfungwa kubatana wenyika yacho yakatanga munguva Naqada III.

mangwanani umambo

Nengano chidzoke Umambo Early akatanga kutonga Farao wokutanga Menes, ndezvaJehovha I hwedzinza. Pakupedzisira vakabatana Membros umambo ive dzibatane Egipita. Guta guru rekare wehurumende akanga Memphis. Panguva iyoyo akatanga kutungamira kuvaka kupiswa makuva vatongi akabatwa vamutangira mapiramidhi vakakurumbira.

VanaFarao vokutanga vaiva hondo Bedouins uye chakarongwa nzendo kuti pedyo Nubia. Periodization uye Muronga nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare rinoti munguva mangwanani umambo ndivo kupfuura yekare zvesayenzi nebudiriro vaEgipita (muminda nyeredzi uye geometry). The XXVIII remakore BC zvichiitika zvahwaiita mugungwa kutengeserana Levantine maguta ari Mediterranean.

Pakazosvika Early umambo vari I uye II imba youmambo. Munhambo kwavo paiva manyorero uye wokutanga chinyorwa. Paiva vakawanda - kutotenda vamwari vazhinji, hunotaurwa masimba, upenyu, rufu, etc. Hurumende kudzorwa kudiridza anoshanda pamahombekombe aNairi ...

umambo yekare

Vanotsvakurudza vanoti muganhu pakati yokuvambira umambo rekare kusvika XXVII remakore BC. e. Muvambi idzva wehurumende yakava Farao Sanakht. umambo Ancient kunosanganisira III-VI imba. Panguva iyi, isina kumboitika kuti ipapo zvoupfumi, zvetsika, zvechiuto uye enyika kukura yenyika muEgipita budiriro.

Paiva mapiramidhi, izvo chakatsiva Mastaba. Nokuti kuvakwa izvi akakura mapurani Zvivako vakadzingwa nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vanhuwo zvavo uye varanda. Hurumende yakanga nokuramba wakaomerera panzira centralized uye ndine simba chinogona vanounganidzira vokuparidzira zvayo chete kungwara. Ancient Egypt, periodization yakanga yakanyorwa nevanochera matongo ano uye vanyori, pasi Farao Pepi I akakunda wokumaodzanyemba Siria. Panguva XXIV remakore BC. e. rouprista Yokudzidza kunyora vaparadzana senguva hieroglyphic. Maererano yaMakoronike, mumwe vanafarao umambo yekare Pepi II akatonga kwemakore 94, kuti rudzi munhau.

ainetsana

Pashure pokuwa the Old Kingdom weIjipiti, nenguva kusabatana. Chinosanganisira VII-X imba. Panguva ino, nyika mukusanzwisisa mhirizhonga. Kutaura zvazviri, vanaFarao haana simba chero uye yaive mufananidzo wakanzi. Periodization nhoroondo hurumende muIjipiti yekare ndechokuti Munguva kusabatana chaiyo simba nomarhi kushandiswa, chimwe nechimwe Rinotarisira imwe guta kana province.

Pokuwa hurumende kwakaita kuti kuparadzwa rakabatana gadziriro kudiridzwa yaNire, zvichikonzera chakaparadzwa uye nokusimuka nzara. Dzakawanda chikwata kubirwa makuva uye temberi. Ancient Egypt, periodization, magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika kuti kuramba kudzidzwa nenyanzvi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana, panguva iyoyo akatambura zvikuru kubva vachirwisa kuti nawo muArabhu.

The Middle umambo

kusabatana kumwedzi iri pamusoro, kana paine masimba maviri kuti anogona kuzodzosera kubatanidza Egipita. In kurwira kuvamumwe airwisana umambo Heracleopolis Magna uye Thebes. The kunetsana kwakatora emakore pakati pavo. Pakupedzisira Thebes vakundwa, uye mubati weguta Mentuhotep II akavamba imba XI.

Raitika iri XXI remakore BC, iyo inonzi kuMiddle Kingdom. Izvi zvinosanganisira XI kwete chete, uye XII asi imba. Panguva ino nehurumende yakasiyana kuti simba centralization pamusoro despotism yekare, iyo, zvisinei, haana kurambidza muIjipita nebudiriro muchamanikidza Middle East. Kubva Eastern Mediterranean kuna Nile akanunura sirivha, mhangura, ndarama nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. The Middle Kingdom aiva vakapfuma mamiriro munguva yake. Periodization of tsika muIjipiti yekare, rinoti pane iyi ndiyo maruva mabhuku National muEgipita (yakakurumbira nyaya kunoonekwa sechinhu "Legend pakati Sinuhe").

donha

A itsva nguva enyika disintegration rakatanga muna 1782 BC. e., uye dzakaguma muna 1570 BC. e. Nyika rakakamurwa kuva yoga enyika. Zvino vambotiza Hyksos vatorwa. Periodization nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare - ndiyo alternation wenyika nyika kubudirira uye kuderera. Munguva kuderera kwehurumende itsva iri zvakadzama dambudziko. Vatongi pehurumende chete Nile Delta uye kugona kurarama enyika vaida rusununguko.

Pakupedzisira, musoro vanaFarao akatora vatungamiri Hyksos. Izvi zvinosanganisira pokutonga XV uye XVI imba. The chikuru muzinda kuramba navatorwa Thebes. vabati vavo nhasi rakava kuna XVII hwedzinza. Ivo akadzinga Hyksos uye vakabatana yakapoteredza Thebes. muna pfupi, ari ipapo periodization nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare, ari muzvizhinji kuti vakaparadzana zvikamu, zvose izvo kazhinji asingazivikanwi.

umambo itsva

Kingdom New yaiva XVI-XI emakore BC. Ndiyo "chaiwo" nguva. Ndizvo nezvazvo yakaramba zvikuru mashoko. Munhambo ichi utongi kusanganisira pwere Tutankhamun, pakuvhurwa guva raiva mukuru matongo zvinoitirwawo XX remakore.

Kingdom New andisiya shure rimwe zita rakakura. Farao Akhenaton akaedza kuchinja muIjipiti chitendero. Akabudisa akwegura pantheon uye akaita kuti vanyengetere kuna Mwari mumwe. Kuedza Akhenatan zvaiva pasina. nokukurumidza vakawanda akanga rakandiponesa.

MuUmambo New (nemisere youmambo, makumi maviri) akararama cheshanu kwevanhu panyika. Periodization ounyanzvi yekare muIjipita rinoreva iyi kupfuura nhamba Zvivako kuti achiripo kusvikira nhasi. New umambo akawira pashure simba iri kumaodzanyemba, akatapa vanhu vakaderera rouprista. Disintegration akanga pakurukurwa "Late Bronze Age dhirika," kana muIjipiti XII remakore BC nechisimba "Peoples Sea" zvakakonzera kukuvara zvikuru kunyika.

paradzanisa

The okupedzisira nguva muEgipita kusabatana akaramba ari XI-VI emakore BC. Panguva ino, isu maviri kutanga chakatsiva imba kuburikidza maviri wechitanhatu. Nemhaka yokurwisana Egipita Haasisina vanoti kutungamirira Eastern Mediterranean. Power varasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo okupedzisira kuMiddle East uye Fenikiya. VaRibhia akaramba Colonisation pamusoro Lower Egypt. Vatungamiriri vemadzinza aya vakava mutorwa vatongi polynomials, chizvarwa muIjipita vanokudzwa.

At yepamusoro pakati kusabatana nyika yakakamurwa kupinda shanu umambo simba. Periodization nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare runoumbwa imwe muzvizhinji pakati yakareba, asi yakanga panguva iyoyo ndiyo yaiva nhamba Dynasties uye dzimwe hondo. Haisi munyika nguva dzose vakava chinhu yaiparadza, Ethiopia kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe weAsiria.

Papera umambo

Historians vanobatanidza imba XXVII pamusoro XXX ari Late Nguva Ancient Egypt. Its anotevedzana framework: makore 525-332 BC. Mukupera Kuvamba kukunda umambo ichaongororwa kuva Nile Valley Persia. North-kumabvazuva Africa kwainzi wechitanhatu satrapy of Achaemenid Empire. Muzinda nyika zvakare akava Memphis.

Kana hondo yakatanga pakati Persia uye Greece, vaGiriki yakarwisa Egipita, vachitarisira antipersidskoe kumukira vemo, asi kumukira hazvina kuitika. The okupedzisira nguva rusununguko rinoreva IV remakore BC. VanaFarao paakaedza uchangamire kwayo, uchishandisa zvenzara zvinetso nevaPezhiya. Asi Artaksersk III Re-akakunda Ijipiti. Pokutonga nevaPezhiya yechipiri rwakatora makore chete maviri.

Aleksandr Makedonsky anokunda Egypt

Muzana IV remakore BC, Ancient Egypt, muronga uye periodization nhoroondo ruzere yakapinza majana, vakava nhengo Macedonian hwacho. Kana pamberi pavanhu murwizi zvakangonyuka okumabvazuva budiriro, asi zvino yava chikamu chete nzvimbo vaGiriki.

Akunda Persia, Aleksandr Makedonsky akatanga kuparadzira kuMiddle East, vekare tsika dzechiGiriki. Muna 332 BC zvakanga dzoro yeEgipita, chikamu akakunda Achaemenid umambo. Alexander akakunda African nyika uye vakazivisa pachake Farao. Mune Nile Delta, akavaka chengarava itsva, iyo yava rimwe remaguta makurusa kare. Alexandria inozivikanwa raibhurari kwayo uye unokurudzira (rimwe nezvishamiso nomwe). Chete guta raiva nzvimbo yakakurumbira warlord kuvigwa.

Ptolemaic kumwedzi,

Ptolemaic nguva - ichangobva chitsauko munhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare. Yakasvika zita rayo mukukudza imba youmambo akasimbisa ayo simba pamusoro munyika mushure vakurumidze kufa upenyu Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Its anofungidzirwa (Diadochi) yakakamurwa simba mukuru zvikuru. Mumwe wavo, Ptolemy, akava mutongi weIjipiti.

Kunyange zvazvo nyika imwe matatu emakore akaramba akazvimiririra, akanga asisiri yakazvimirira budiriro. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, Egypt vakatambura chaizvo kufurirwa wetsika dzechiGiriki. Sanganisa zvose - kubvira mutauro nechitendero. Alexandria yakava guta guru iro inotongwa muIjipiti yekare. Periodization nezvenhoroondo nyika ino inopa kuti ichatonga zvine mbiri Ptolemies kuti hurumende zvaiva kwete chete kune Dolina Nila, asiwo Palestine, Cyprus, chikamu weSiriya uye Asia Minor.

Zvichakadaro, munharaunda Italy ano akakura mutsva umambo kukuru. Zvaakanga akakurira Western Mediterranean, weRoma Republic akatendeuka ayo anopenya kumabvazuva. Mumiriri Octavian Augustus akazivisa hondo paEgipita, apo Cleopatra mitemo. The nyika yakakundwa 30 BC. Panguva iyoyowo, weRoma Republic akava umambo. Egypt rave huchirumbidzwa imwe yayo enyika, uye pakupedzisira akarasika rusununguko.