Germany pashure peHondo Yenyika I, kukura uye vapore

Sezvo nyika inorasikirwa Germany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakasangana nedambudziko guru rezvemari uye rehupfumi. Munyika, hurumende yakaparadzwa, uye munzvimbo yayo yakauya republica, iyo yakagamuchira zita re Weimar. Utongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakagara kusvikira muna 1933, apo vaNazi vakauya, vakagadzwa naAdolf Hitler.

The November Revolution

Mukuwa kwe1918, Kaiser Germany yaiva pamucheto wekukundwa muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nyika yakaneta neropa. Ruzhinji rune nguva refu rwakabereka kusagutsikana nesimba raWilhelm II. Yakaguma muna November Revolution, yakatanga musi waNovember 4 nekumuka kwevashambadziri muguta reKiel. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kwakave nezvakaitika zvakafanana muRussia, uko umambo hwemakore emakore hwakatowa. Chinhu chakafanana chakaitika muGermany.

Musi waNovember 9, mukuru wehurumende Maximilian Badensky akazivisa kupedzeredzwa kwekutonga kwaWilliam II, uyo akanga atova kutadza kudzora pamusoro pezvaiitika munyika. The Reich Chancellor akaendesa simba rake kumutemo weFriedrich Ebert ndokubva kuBerlin. Musoro mutsva wehurumende waiva mumwe wevatungamiri vezvaizivikanwa muGermany Social Democratic movement uye SPD (Social Democratic Party yeGermany). Musi iwoyo musi iwoyo wakakaziviswa kuumbwa kwe republic.

Ichokwadi, kukakavadzana neChipente kwakamira. Musi waNovember 11, chibvumirano chakasayirwa muCompiegne Forest muPidardy, iyo yakazoguma kupera kweropa. Iye zvino ramangwana reEurope raiva mumaoko emadiplomate. Kukurukurirana uye kugadzirira musangano mukuru kwakatanga. Mugumisiro wezviito zvose izvi yaiva Sangano reVersailles, rakasinwa muzhizha ra1919. Mumwedzi mishomanana yakatangira kuguma kwechibvumirano, mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, Germany yakawana zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshamisa.

Kubuda kweVaSpartacist

Chero upi noupi hunochinja hunoendesa kunzvimbo inopisa, iyo inoedza kuita mauto akasiyana zvakasiyana, uye kuchinja kweNovember mupfungwa iyi kwakanga kusina kudaro. Mwedzi miviri mushure mekuparadzwa kweumambo uye kuguma kwehondo muBerlin, kukwikwidza kwakagadzikana pakati pemasimba akasimba kuhurumende nevatsigiri veCommunist Party. Vaya vekupedzisira vaida kuvaka sangano reSoviet munyika yavo. Simba guru iri musangano iri ndiro Spartacus Union uye nhengo dzaro dzakakurumbira: Karl Liebknecht naRosa Luxemburg.

Musi waJanuary 5, 1919, maKomonisiti vakaronga chivako chakaparadza Berlin yose. Pasina nguva yakakura ikava kupesana kwehondo. Germany pashure peHondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga iri moto unopisa, umo mazamu akasiyana-siyana nemafungiro akasiyana. Kuvhiringidzwa kweSpartakist kwaiva chiitiko chakajeka chekukwikwidza uku. Kwapera vhiki, hurukuro yakakundwa nemauto, avo vakaramba vakavimbika kuHurumende yeHurumende. Musi waJanuary 15, Karl Liebknecht naRosa Luxemburg vakaurawa .

The Bavarian Soviet Republic

Dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika muGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakaguma kune imwezve kumuka kwevatsigiri veMarxism. MunaApril 1919, simba muBavaria raiva raBavarian Soviet Republic, iro rairwisana nehurumende. Hurumende mairi yaitungamirirwa neCommunist Evgenie Levine.

ISoviet Republic yakaronga iyo Red Army yayo. Kwemamwe nguva akakwanisa kudzivisa kukwikwidza kwemauto ehurumende, asi mukati memavhiki mashomanana akakundwa ndokudzorerwa kuMunich. Hedhi yekupedzisira yekumanikidzwa yakabviswa musi waMay 5. Zviitiko muBavaria zvakatungamirira kuruvengo rukuru rwemaonero evasoriki uye vatsigiri vekuvandudza kwakatevera. Ichokwadi chokuti vaJudha vaiva musimboti weSoviet Republic yakanga iri mhirizhonga yekushora-Semitism. Panyaya iyi manzwiro anozivikanwa, maitiro emarudzi akawanda akatanga kutamba, kusanganisira vatsigiri vaHitler.

The Weimar Constitution

Mazuva mashomanana mushure mekupera kwekumuka kweVaSpartacists, pakutanga kwa1919, sarudzo dzakawanda dzakaitika, apo sangano re Weimar Constituent rakasarudzwa. Zvakakosha kuti iyi ndiyo iyo vakadzi vechiGermany vane kodzero yekuvhota kwekutanga. Kwenguva yokutanga gungano iri rakaungana paFebruary 6. Nyika yose yakanyatsocherechedza zvaive kuitika muguta duku reT Thuringian re Weimar.

Basa guru revakuru vevanhu raiva kubvumidzwa kwebumbiro idzva remitemo. Kugadzirira kwemutemo mukuru weGermany kwakatungamirirwa necheboshwe-hukuru Hugo Preuss, uyo akazove Mutungamiriri weInterior. Mutemo weParamende wakagamuchira chikonzero chekutonga uye wakanga wakasiyana chaizvo neKaiser. Dhiyabhorosi yakave yakabvumirana pakati pezvematongerwe enyika akasiyana nechekurudyi uye kurudyi.

Mutemo wakasimbisa hurumende yehurumende uye kodzero dzehupfumi uye hune kodzero dzevanhu vayo. Dare guru reMutemo reReichstag rakasarudzwa kwemakore mana. Akabvuma mari yehurumende uye aigona kukanganisa musoro wehurumende (Reichskanzler), uyewo chero mushumiri.

Kudzorerwa kweGermany mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yese isingagoni kuitwa kunze kwekushanda zvakanaka uye kuenzanisa zvematongerwo enyika. Nokudaro, sarudzo yakatumira nzvimbo itsva yemutungamiriri wenyika - Reich Presidency. Ndiye iye akagadza mukuru wehurumende uye ane kodzero yekuputsa paramende. Mutungamiri weReich akasarudzwa mumusarudzo mukuru wegore rechinomwe.

Musoro wekutanga weGermany idzva waiva Friedrich Ebert. Akaita basa iri muna 1919-1925. Weimar Constitution, iyo yakateya nheyo yenyika itsva, yakagamuchirwa neChishanu yeChitatu musi waJuly 31. Mutungamiri weReich akazvisimbisa musi waAugust 11. Zuva iri rakanzi izuva rezororo rekuGermany. Ihurumende itsva yezvematongerwe enyika yakatumidzwa zita re Weimar Republic mukukudza guta umo gungano repo epochal rakapfuura uye mutemo wakaonekwa. Iri simba rehurumende rakavapo kubva muna 1919 kusvika muna 1933. Kutanga kwaive kwakagadzirwa neNovember Revolution muGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, uye yakatsvairwa neNazi.

Bvumirano reVersailles

Munguva iyi, muzhizha ra1919, vamiririri vemarudzi ose vakaungana muFrance. Vakasangana kuzokurukura uye vasarudza kuti chii chichava Germany pashure peHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese. Chibvumirano cheVersailles, icho chaiva mugumisiro wekutora kukuru kwenguva refu, yakasayirwa musi waJune 28.

Pfungwa huru dzebhuku racho dzakanga dzakadai. France yakagamuchira kubva kuGermany inopikisana nemapurovhinzi eAlsace naLorraine, iyo yakarasika mushure mehondo nePrussia muna 1870. Belgium yakawana miganhu yemiganhu yeEipen neMalmedy. Poland yakagamuchira nyika muPomerania nePoznan. Danzig yakava guta risina zvematongerwe enyika. Masimba anokunda akawana simba pamusoro peBaltic Memel Region. Muna 1923, yakaendeswa kuLithuania yakanga ichangobva kuzvimirira.

Muna 1920, zvichibva pamusangano wevanhu vakawanda, Denmark yakagamuchira chikamu cheSchleswig, uye Poland - chikamu cheUpper Silesia. Chikamu chiduku chazvo chakatamirwawo kune imwe nzvimbo yeCzechoslovakia yevakidzani. Panguva imwe chete, semugumisiro wevhoti, Germany yakaramba iri kumaodzanyemba kweEast Prussia. Nyika yakarasikirwa yakatsigira rusununguko rweAustria, Poland neCzechoslovakia. Nharaunda yeGermany mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika isati yachinja uye mupfungwa yokuti republic yakarasikirwa neKaiser makoloni mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika.

Zvibvumirano uye kugadziriswa

Kuruboshwe rworuboshwe rweRhinine, urwo rwaiva kuGermany, rwakanga rwuri pasi pekuparadzwa kwevanhu. Hondo dzehondo dzakange dzisingakwanisi kudarika chimiro chevanhu vane zviuru zana. Basa rekumanikidzirwa rechiuto raibviswa. Zvizhinji zvezvikepe zvisati zvanyura zvakapiwa kunyika dzakakunda. Uyezve, Germany haigoni kuva nemotokari yemazuva ano uye kurwisa ndege.

Kugadziriswa kubva kuGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yenyika yaive mairi 269 mabhiriyoni emakiromita, ayo akaenzana kusvika mazana zana emataundi endarama. Saka akafanirwa kugadzirisa kurasikirwa kwekuti nyika dzeEntente dzakatambura semugumisiro wemakore mana emushandirapamwe. Basa rakakosha rakagadzirirwa kusarudza mari inodiwa.

Upfumi hweGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakatambudzwa zvikuru nekugadzirisa. Mishonga yakapera nyika yakaparadzwa. Haana kubatsirwa kunyange nekuti muna 1922 Russia yeSoviet yakaramba kudzorera, kuitsinhanisa ivo kuti vabvumirane nekutonga nyika yeGermany mune USSR yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa. Nokuda kwehupenyu hwahwo hwose, Weimar Republic haina kubhadhara mari yakabvumirana. Apo Hitler akauya pakusimba, akarega zvachose kutumira mari. Mari yekubhadhara yakatanga zvakare muna 1953, uyezve zvakare muna 1990, mushure mekubatanidzwazve kwenyika. Pakupedzisira, mitsva yeGermany mushure meHondo yekutanga yenyika yakabhadharwa muna 2010.

Pakati kukakavadzana

Hapana rugare mushure mekuguma kwehondo muGermany haina kuuya. Ruzhinji rwakanga rwashungurudzika nedambudziko raro, rwakaramba ruchiunza kuruboshwe uye kururamisa simba rakasimba, avo vaitsvaga vatengesi nevatambudzi vematambudziko. Upfumi hweGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese isingagoni kugadziriswa nekuda kwekurova kwevashandi nguva dzose.

Muna March 1920, Kuppov putsch yakaitika. Iko kuedza kuparadzanisa hurumende kwakatosvika kuchitsaurwa kweWeimar Republic mugore repiri rekuvapo kwaro. Chikamu cheuto, chakasununguka pasi peChipupuriro cheVersailles, chakamukira ndokubata zvivako zvehurumende muBerlin. Society split. Chiremera chepamutemo chakaendeswa kuStutgart, kubva kwaro chakakurudzira vanhu kuti vasatsigire putschists uye kurwisa. Somugumisiro, vanyori vakakundwa, asi hupfumi hwehupfumi uye hupfumi hweGermany mushure meNyika yekutanga yeHondo zvakare yakagumburwa zvakanyanya.

Zvadaro muruwa rweRuhr, uko kwaive nemigodhi yakawanda, kwaiva nekumukira kwevashandi. Masoja akapinda munharaunda yakashata, iyo yakapesana nezvisarudzo zveSangano reVersailles. Mukupindura kupesana kwechibvumirano, uto reFrance rakapinda Darmstadt, Frankfurt am Main, Hanau, Homburg, Duisburg nemamwe maguta ekumadokero.

Mauto ezvokune imwe nyika akambobvazve kuGermany chete muzhizha ra1920. Zvisinei, kukakavara muhukama nevakunda vakakunda kwakaramba. Yakakonzerwa nemitemo yemari yeGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Hurumende haina mari yakakwana yekubhadhara zvipo. Mukupindura kwekunonoka mukubhadhara, France neBelgium zvakatora nzvimbo ye Ruhr. Mauto avo akasara imomo muna 1923-1926.

Dambudziko rezvemari

Mutemo wekuGermany wokune imwe nyika shure kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakatungamirirwa nebasa rekuwana rumwe rudzi rwekubatsirana kunobatsira. Kutungamirirwa nemafungiro aya, muna 1922 Weimar Republic yakasaina Rapallo Treaty neSoviet Russia. Tsamba yacho yakagadzirirwa kutanga kwekukurukurirana pakati pezvematongerwo enyika akaoma. Kubvumirana pakati peGermany neRFFSR (uye gare gare USSR) kwakakonzera kusagutsikana munyika dzeEurope capitalist dzisina hanya neBolshevik, kunyanya France. Muna 1922, magandanga akauraya Walter Rathenau, mushumiri wekune dzimwe nyika akaronga kusayina kwesungano muRalallo.

Zvinetso zvekunze zveGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yekutanga yakapera pamberi pepakati. Nokuda kwezviito zvezvombo, kuuraya nekudzorera, hupfumi hwenyika hwave huchikwevera kune gomba risina chigadziko. Hurumende yakaedza kuchengetedza mamiriro acho nekuwedzera nyaya yemari.

Chikonzero chepanyama chemutemo iwoyo chaiva kuperesa uye kushaya huwandu hwevanhu. Kukosha kwemari yenyika (paper mark) kwaikurumidza kuderera. Kutengesa kwezvinhu kwakagadzirwa kuva hyperinflation. Mubhadharo wevakuru vaduku nevadzidzisi wakabhadharwa nemakirogiramu emapepa emapepa, asi pakanga pasina chinhu chokutenga mamiriyoni aya. Ikofu yaipisa mune mari. Urombo hwakakonzera kutsamwa. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakazotaura kuti ndiyo yaiva yehutano hwemagariro evanhu iyo yakaita kuti nyika dzisarudze zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvevanhu.

Muna 1923, Comintern yakaedza kushandisa zvakanaka dambudziko racho uye rakaronga kuedza pane imwe shanduko. Akakundikana. Pakati pemakakatanwa pakati peKomonisiti nehurumende yainzi Hamburg. Masoja akapinda muguta. Zvisinei, dambudziko racho harina kuuya kubva kuruboshwe. Mushure mokunge kubviswa kweBavarian Soviet Republic, Munich yakava nhare yevahedheni uye vanochengetedza. MunaNovember 1923, kukurudzirwa kwakaitika muguta, rakarongedzwa nevezvematongerwe enyika Adolf Hitler. Mukupindura kune umwe kupandukira Reich Mutungamiri Ebert akaunza hurumende. Bheri putsch yakadzingwa, uye vatambi vayo vakatanga kuedzwa. Hitler akapedza mwedzi mitatu mujeri. Kudzokera kune rusununguko, iye nemasimba matsva akatanga kukwira nesimba.

The Golden Twenties

Hyperinflation, kuzunungusa jaya re Weimar Republic, rakakanganiswa nekuiswa kwemari mitsva - mari yekubhadhara. Kuchinja kwemari nekuuya kwekutsvaga kwekune dzimwe nyika kwakaderedza nyika yacho, kunyange pasinei nekuwanda kwemakakatanwa emukati.

Kunyanya kubatsirwa zvakakonzerwa nemari yakabva kune imwe nyika kune mvumo yeAmerica zvikwereti pasi peurongwa hwaCharles Dawes. Mumakore mashomanana, kubudirira kwezvoupfumi kweGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakatungamirira kune yakagara yakamirira kugadzikana kwemamiriro acho ezvinhu. Nguva yekubudirira kumwe muna 1924-1929. Yakanzi "yegoridhe makumi maviri."

Mutemo wekuGermany kunze kwenyika shure kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika yemakore iwayo yakabudirira zvakare. Muna 1926, akabatana neChristian League uye akava nhengo yakakwana yenharaunda yenyika yakasikwa mushure mekubvumirana kweSangano reVersailles. Ukama hwehukama neUnited States hwakachengetedzwa. Muna 1926, vamiririri veSoviet neGermany vakasayina chibvumirano chitsva cheBerlin nekusarerekera uye chisingaiti.

Chimwe chibvumirano chinokosha chemu diplomatic chibvumirano cheBriand-Kellogg. Chibvumirano ichi, chakasinwa muna 1926 nemasimba enyika makuru (kusanganisira Germany), yakaratidza kurambwa kwehondo senzvimbo yezvematongerwe enyika. Nokudaro zvakatanga nzira yekusika nzira yeEurope pamwe nekuchengeteka.

Muna 1925, sarudzo dzakaitwa nokuda kweMutungamiri weReich. Mukuru wehurumende aive Gavhuna Paul von Hindenburg, uyo aipfeka zita reMunda Marshal. Akanga ari mumwe wevakuru vakuru vehondo yaKaiser panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, kusanganisira kutungamirira zviito mberi kweEast Prussia, apo hondo dzakarwa neuto reRussian tsarist. Hindenburg's rhetoric yakaparadzaniswa zvikuru kubva pamashoko ekutungamira kwake, Ebert. Hondo yekare yakashandisa zvinyorwa zvevanhu vanopesana nehuwandu hwehu-anti-socialist uye unhu hwemarudzi. Iyo makore manomwe emakore ezvematongerwe enyika ekuvandudzwa kweGermany mushure meHondo yekutanga yeNyika yakatungamirira kumigumisiro yakadaro yakawandisa. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvishoma zvekusagadzikana zvakaonekwa. Semuenzaniso, paramende yakanga isina simba rinotungamirira musangano, uye kupesana kwekubatana kwakange kuri nguva dzose pakuguma kwekugumburwa. Chinenge chikonzero chezvikonzero zvose, vatevedzeri vakapikisana nehurumende.

The Great Depression

Muna 1929, muWall Street pamakambani ekuputsika kwemakwenzi kwakaitika muUnited States. Nemhaka yeizvi, zvikwereti kune dzimwe nyika kuGermany zvakaguma. Dambudziko rezvemari, rakadana rinonzi Great Depression, rakavhiringidza nyika yose, asi raiva Weimar Republic iyo yakatambura zvikuru kubva nayo. Uye izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti nyika yakawana hama, asi haina kusimba yakasimba. Kukura Kwekukuru kwakakurumidza kukonzera kuparara kwehupfumi hweGermany, kuputsa kwekutengeserana, kutadza kwemazhinji uye mamwe akawanda matambudziko.

Iyo itsva yehurumende yeGermany pashure peHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, muchidimbu, yakabviswa nemamiriro ezvinhu, ayo asingagoni kuchinja. Nyika yacho yakatsigira zvakasimba neUnited States, uye dambudziko reAmerica raisagona kukundikana kuuraya. Zvisinei, vezvematongerwo enyika vemuAfrica vakadururirawo mafuta pamoto. Hurumende, paramende uye mukuru wehurumende yaigara ichirwisana uye yakanga isingagoni kusimbisa kukurukurirana.

A semhedzisiro kusagutsikana chete kuitika chavagari rava yakakura kukura. Inotungamirwa nesimba Hitler NSDAP (National Socialist German Party) gore negore agamuchira panguva dzakasiyana musarudzo mamwe mavhoti. The vanhu vakava akakurumbira nharo pamusoro uchibaya kumashure, betrayals uye rangano Jewish. Kunyanya chenjera kuvenga muvengi asingazivikanwi akasangana vanhu vechiduku akakurira pashure pehondo vakasamuziva wake chinokatyamadza.

The kuuya nesimba nevaNazi

The kukurumbira reNazi Party akatungamirira mutungamiri wayo Adolf Hitler mune zvematongerwo enyika. Hurumende Nhengo dzeParamende akatanga kufunga chinzvimbo nationalist senhengo dzomunyika simba mubatanidzwa. Democratic mapato havasati vakaumba yakabatana rinorwisana vaNazi zvose kuwedzera kukurumbira. centrists zhinji vakatsvaka ari mutsigiri yaHitler. Vamwe vaifunga ake the pawn pfupi. Kutaura zvazviri, Hitler, Chokwadi, kumbova nyoreka mufananidzo, uye deftly vaishandisa mukana wose kuwedzera mukurumbira wayo, kungava zvoupfumi kana kutsoropodzwa vaKomonisiti.

Muna March 1932, takapfuura anotevera musarudzo Reich President. Hitler akasarudza ndiitewo musarudzo. Chipingamupinyi kwaari wakange ake yeAustria chizvarwa pachake. Pausiku nesarudzo, Interior Minister Brunswick mudunhu vakagadza mutemo mukuru muBerlin hurumende. chirango ichi akabvumira Hitler kuti German citizenship. Mune sarudzo rokutanga uye rechipiri kumativi, akatora nzvimbo yechipiri, kurasikirwa chete kuna Hindenburg.

Reich Mutungamiri aiva mutungamiri NSDAP nokungwarira. Zvisinei, Kusvinurira musoro vakwegura ehurumende akanga aisa kurara varairiri ake akawanda, anodavira kuti Hitler arege kutya. January 30, 1930 yakakurumbira nationalist, akagadzwa chanzera - musoro wehurumende. Inotorwa Hindenburg akafunga vaikwanisa kudzora minion werombo rakanaka, asi vakanga kururama.

Kutaura zvazviri, January 30, 1933 kwaiva kuguma democratic neWeimar Republic. Nokukurumidza, mitemo "On Emergency Powers" uye "On Protection of People uye Vehurumende", uyo wakadzikwa udzvinyiriri pakati Third Reich vakatorwa. Muna August 1934, pashure pokufa vakwegura Hindenburg, Hitler akava Führer (mutungamiri) muGermany. NSDAP akanzi chete zviri pamutemo webato. Not kufungisisa ichangobva nhoroondo chidzidzo, Germany pashure World War I zvakare vakatanga munzira kwechisimba. An chinokosha dzematongerwe idzva wehurumende akava revanchism. Vakakundwa okupedzisira hondo vokuGermany vakatanga kugadzirira chinotokurudzira anotyisa ropa.