Pokuwa hweOttoman Empire: kare, hunokonzera, migumisiro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

The First World War, wakabudisa asingaverengeki matambudziko vanhu Europe, akaita kusingadzivisiki pokuwa hweOttoman Empire kwemazana emakore akatonga pamusoro nzvimbo huru, iyo yava nedambudziko kwayo voracious nemauto kuwedzera. Kumanikidzwa kupinda Central Powers, akadai Germany, Austria-Hungary uye Bulgaria, zviri navo wakaona kuvava kukundwa, kukwanisa kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro ive vaitungamirira yose umambo.

Muvambi hweOttoman Empire

Pakupera ari XIII remakore, Osman Gazi I nhaka kubva baba vangu Bey Ertogrul simba pamusoro zvisingaverengeki Turkish mapoka vaigara veFrigia. Vachizivisa rusununguko urwu nzvimbo zviduku uye akatora musoro Sultan, akakwanisa kukunda kuchikosha chikamu Asia Minor uye vakawana kuti simba umambo, ainzi nokukudzwa kwake hweOttoman. Iye kwaifanira basa rinokosha munhoroondo yenyika.

Nechekare pakati pakati XIV remakore Turkish mauto yakawira pamhenderekedzo Europe uye anotanga ayo kuwedzera refu, kuti ezvinhu muna XV-XVI emakore mumwe mukuru munyika. Zvisinei, kutanga pokuwa hweOttoman Empire, kwave atova XVII remakore, apo vasingazivi vakakurirwa asati uye vaiona asingakundiki hondo Turkish akatambura unorema akarova pa masvingo yeAustria guru.

The kukundwa of vokuEurope rokutanga

Muna 1683, hweOttoman mapoka vakamhanyira kuna Vienna akatora guta rakakombwa. vagari varo, akanzwa zvakawanda chikara uye utsinye tsika vaGiriki izvi akaratidza zvishamiso heroism, kuzvidzivirira uye vadiwa vavo kubva zvimwe rufu. Maererano zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, kubudirira nevanozvitsigira dzinongoita akwanise nokuti paiva vatungamiriri vemauto dzakawanda vakakurumbira makore iwayo pakati ravarwi vehondo, vakanga vachigona nounyanzvi uye akakurumidza kutora zvose zvakafanira kuzvidzivirira matanho.

Rini njodzi wavarwisi kwave kugadziriswa kubatsira rakakombwa vasvika, Mambo Poland. Vakatiza, vachisiya vaKristu nechisimba. kukunda uku, uko kwakatanga pokuwa hweOttoman Empire, akanga vanhu Europe, kupfuura zvose, munhu mupfungwa ukoshi. Iye akasara ngano yacho invincibility yacho-simba zvose zvengarava, sezvo yaiva tsika pakati vokuEurope kuzodana hweOttoman Empire.

Tanga miganhu nezvinhu

kukundwa ichi, uyewo dzinoverengeka nekutambira kukundikana zvakakonzera musungwa January 1699 Karlovitskogo nyika. Maererano gwaro iri Porta vakarasika usati anodzora nharaunda Hungary, Transylvania uye Timisoara. nemiganhu yayo kunge zvava kumaodzanyemba kuti rebei. Atova chaizvo unorema kurwadzisa akaperera wavarindi.

Nedambudziko XVIII remakore

Kana yokutanga yezana inotevera, zana remakore XVIII, kwakaratidzwa zvimwe vabudirira uto hweOttoman Empire, kuubvumira kunyange ane pfupi kurasikirwa Derbent, asi vane kuwana Black uye Azov Seas, yechipiri yezana remakore vakauya wandei nezvipingamupinyi, uyewo kuona remangwana pokuwa hweOttoman Empire.

The kukundwa vari Turkish hondo, izvo Catherine II kwakaita kuti hweOttoman Sultan, akaita yokupedzisira chiratidzo muna July 1774 runyararo chibvumirano, pasi iro muRussia nyika Munotatamura pakati Dnieper uye Southern Bug. gore Next anounza njodzi itsva - Port anorasikirwa ceded kuna yeAustria Bukovina.

Akapedza nokuti hweOttoman XVIII remakore njodzi zvachose. Final kukundwa vari Russian-Turkish hondo zvakazoita kuti kuguma vanoshorwa zvikuru uye kuzvinyadzisa Jassy nyika, maererano izvo marara kuRussia zvose kuchamhembe Black Sea nharaunda, kusanganisira Crimean kweItari.

The siginicha pamusoro gwaro certifying kuti kubva zvino nokusingaperi yedu Crimea, akaisa Prince Potemkin pachake. Mukuwedzera, hweOttoman Empire akamanikidzwa unzi nyika Russian pakati Southern Bug uye Dniester, uyewo kuti urarame kurasikirwa chikuru nzvimbo yaro kuCaucasus uye muBalkans.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore itsva uye matambudziko matsva

Kutanga pokuwa hweTurkey muzana remakore rechi19 akatongerwa wake mumwe kukundwa muhondo 1806-1812 Russian-wokuTurkey. Mugumisiro ichi chaiva kusaina muBucharest imwe, Chokwadi, anokanganisa Chibvumirano Zvengarava. The Russian divi aiwanzogara mvumo Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, uye Turkish - Ahmed Pasha. The nharaunda yose kubva Dniester kusvika Prut vakaenda Russia uye akazozivikanwa wokutanga munharaunda Bessarabia, ipapo mudunhu Bessarabia, ikozvino Moldova ndiro.

The kuedza kunoitwa vokuTurkey muna 1828 vachiedza kutora Russian kutsiva kare vakakurirwa haana kukundwa itsva uye mumwe chasainwa kwegore mu Andreapol runyararo chibvumirano, kumira zvakaita kare vakanaka skimpy ndima Danube Delta. Pamusoro pamatambudziko panguva iyoyo akataura rusununguko yayo Greece.

kubudirira kwenguva pfupi, zvakare kuchinja maronda

The chete nguva mhanza kuvaOttoman panguva Crimean War pamusoro 1853-1856, ineptly vakarasikirwa Nicholas I. Akatsiviwa pachigaro choushe Russian pamambo Alexander II akamanikidzwa cede Bessarabia Porte rinokosha, asi hondo itsva mumakore hunotevedzana 1877-1878 vakadzokera pazvigaro zvavo.

Akaramba disintegration hweOttoman Empire. Kushandisa zvakanaka nguva, mugore iroro iye aparadzana Romania, Serbia neMontenegro. Nyika dzose nhatu akazivisa kwavo rusununguko. It akagumisa XVIII remakore hweOttoman pamwe kuchamhembe Bulgaria uye ndima wokwavo umambo, ainzi Southern Rumelia.

The hondo muBalkan Union

XX remakore yakatanga kusvika kwokupedzisira pokuwa hweOttoman Empire uye Turkish Republic dzidzo. Izvi pashure kakawanda, yaizotanga muna 1908, Bulgaria akazivisa ayo rusununguko uye kuguma nokudaro joko mazana mashanu wokuTurkey. Izvi zvakateverwa nehondo 1912-1913, akazivisa Porte Balkan Union. Raisanganisira Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia neMontenegro. Chinangwa inotaura ava kubatwa ndima enzvimbo ukuwo kuvaOttoman.

Pasinei nokuti vokuTurkey akaisa mauto maviri simba, South uye North, hondo, uko kwakaguma muna kukunda muBalkan Alliance, zvakaita kuti kusaina imwe chibvumirano muLondon, kuwana nguva ino hweOttoman Empire rinenge rose muBalkan Peninsula, asiya pamwe chete chikamu chiduku Istanbul uye muThrace. The chikuru Chikamu dzatorwa vatopiwa, Greece uye Serbia, izvo zvakawedzera tichiregeredza nzvimbo yavo kusvika kaviri. Namazuva iwayo, uye akaumba itsva nehurumende - Albania.

Kuziviswa of Zimbabwe Turkey

About sei pokuwa hweTurkey mumakore akazotevera, unogona kufungidzira, vachitevera nzira World War First. Achida zvekare chinenge chikamu vakarasika muzana remakore rapfuura, nzvimbo, iyo Port akatora chikamu mune ruvengo, asi kune njodzi yake, uri isingakundiki divi masimba - Germany, Austria-Hungary uye Bulgaria. Rakanga wokupedzisira ichivhuvhuta, kudzvinyirira kamwe simba umambo, kuunza chityiso yose. Handina kumurwira uye kuhwina 1922 kukunda pamusoro Greece. Pfungwa disintegration rwanga kusingarapiki.

The War World First yakaguma kusaina kuti Zvengarava muna 1920 Sevres Treaty, pasi iyo vatsigiri vasinganyari pilfered kare, yakaramba pasi Turkish kudzora nharaunda akunda. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti kuparara wakakwana uye ayo kuzivisa 29 October 1923 Republic of Turkey. Chiito ichi chakaratidza kuguma vanopfuura mazana matanhatu nyaya hweOttoman Empire.

Vanotsvakurudza Most ona chikonzero pokuwa hweOttoman Empire, kunyanya backwardness youpfumi ayo zvikuru yakaderera nenhanho maindasitiri, havasi Migwagwa zvakakwana uye nedzimwe nzira yokukurukurirana. Munyika kuti ari pamwero Ages feudalism, rinenge rose vakawanda yakanga kuverenga nokunyora. By zviratidzo zvizhinji umambo yakanga zviipe dzakabudirira kupfuura mamwe anoti ari kumwedzi.

Objective hwokuti pokuwa hwacho

Kutaura chii zvinhu akaratidza disintegration hweOttoman Empire, zvinofanira kutanga enyika pezvakaitwa zvose kuitika vari pakutanga XX remakore kutaurwa uye zvisingaiti ainge nguva. Izvi anonzi Young Zimbabwe Turk Revolution pamusoro 1908, panguva iyo akabata simba munyika nhengo dzesangano "Union uye Progress". Vakawisa Sultan uye akaisa bumbiro.

Kuipandukira refu aine pachavo nesimba, yatsiviwa vatsigiri pachigaro Sultan. Tevera-up nguva yakazara ropa kunokonzerwa kwemotokari anorwisana Mapato uye kuchinja vatongi. dzakanga dzisingarambiki zvose Uchapupu iyi chokwadi kuti simba centralized simba raenda, uye akasvika pokuwa hweOttoman Empire.

Muchidimbu Paaipedzisa kutaura, chinofanira kutaurwa kuti Turkey apedza nzira, kwemazana emakore agadzirirwa States zvose, vakasiya mucherechedzo wavo kare. Ndiwo kuberekwa, nokukurumidza maruva uye pakupedzisira havadi, kazhinji kunotungamirira kutsakatika kwavo. The hweTurkey haana kuenda zvachose kwakacherechedzwa, achiva mazuva ano, kunyange zororo, asi kwete rave nhengo enyika munharaunda.