Alexander 2: ari abolition pamusoro serfdom, ari kuchinja zvinokonzera

Chii chaiva basa Alexander 2 abolition kuti serfdom? Sei akasarudza kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakasununguka? On vamwe mibvunzo iyi uye isu achapindura munyaya ino. Murimi mudiki kuchinja uparadzwe serfdom mu Russia akatanga muna 1861. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha transformations chamambo.

The chikuru chikonzero

The yakakurumbira Alexander 2? The abolition pamusoro serfdom - zviri yake chikwereti. Nei kudiwa zvinhu izvi kujairika? Preconditions ayo chidzoke dzakaumbwa mukupera XVII remakore. akaturikidzana vose munzanga vaiona serfdom sechinhu chinonakidza zvounzenza, iyo chinyadzo Russia. Vakawanda vanoda kuona nyika yavo iri ndima chete nyika dzokuEurope umo kusina muuranda. Naizvozvo, hurumende yeRussia vakatanga kufunga pamusoro abolition kuti serfdom.

Dzinokosha zvikonzero utendeuke

• Nokuda non-zvibereko zvawakabatira serfs (serfdom murombo waivako) muridzi upfumi vakapinda kuderera.
• Serfdom makadzivisa kukura bhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana, izvo chaitadzisa kuwedzera guru uye anoisa Russia muboka muduku nyika.
• The kukundwa vari Crimean War (1853-1856 gg.) Akawana backwardness of political hurumende munyika.
• Kuwedzera kwenhamba nemhirizhonga varimi yakaratidza kuti serfdom ari "upfu keg."

kutanga matanho

Saka, tinofanira kuramba mberi uzive zvaakaita Alexander 2. abolition pamusoro serfdom yakatanga chokugutsikana zvakawanda Alexander 1, asi dare havana kunzwisisa sei kushandisa zvinhu izvi. Ipapo mambo aihuitira nomurayiro muna 1803 pamusoro varimi vakasununguka.

Muna 1842, Nicholas 1 kushandisa Mutemo "On vanhuwo zvavo mhosva", maererano izvo muridzi aiva nekodzero kusunungura vomumusha nokuvapa munda. Uyewo, vanhu vomumusha kuti kushandiswa munzvimbo aifanira kutakura kuhondo vachida tenzi wake. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu chakavapo kwenguva refu, nekuti varidzi aisada kurega serfs dzavo.

Great Emperor Alexander akanga 2. abolition pamusoro serfdom - kuchinja kukuru. Kudzidziswa wake pamutemo kwakatanga muna 1857. Mambo akarayira kuti kuumba makomiti ose enyika, vakanga kuti chirongwa kuvandudza nezuva upenyu vemumusha. With mapurogiramu aya, nyaya dare akanyora bhiri, waiva kufunga uye ounza Committee Main.

Muna 1861, February 19, chevaux Alexander 2 chisimbiso nokuda Manifesto pamusoro abolition ose serfdom uye akabvuma "Mirayiro pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo vakasunungurwa kubva muranda chinzvimbo." mambo ichi munhau ainzi somununuri.

kukoshesa

Chii chakanaka akaita Alexander 2? The abolition pamusoro serfdom akapa musha mamwe masangano uye pachedu rusununguko akadai kodzero kuenda kudare, kuti kuroorwa, kupinda muhurumende, vanoita zvokutengeserana, uye zvichingodaro. Zvinosuruvarisa vanhu ava dzinotambura rusununguko rwokufamba. Uyezve, varimi vakanga akasiyana kuchamuka izvo zvinogona pasi panyama chirango uye akatakura kuhondo.

Land yakaramba enzvimbo Varidzi uye vomumusha vakamira uye kupfeka munda farmstead vakagara nzira youpenyu, nokuti iyo vaifanira kushumira mabasa avo (basa kana mari). Mitemo New kubva nhare rakapotsa indistinguishable. By mutemo, vomumusha vaiva nekodzero kudzikinura wenhumbi kana mugove. Somugumisiro, vakava yakazvimirira vemumusha-varidzi. Kusvikira zvino, ivo vainzi "kwechinguva". Redemption aiva quitrent vakaenzana, vakapa gore kane 17!

simba Help

Chii chakaita kuchinja Alexander 2? The abolition pamusoro serfdom aiva kumbonyanya yakaoma kwacho. Hurumende kubatsira varombo suit chaiwo "kudzikinurwa oparesheni." Pashure pokunge akagadzawo pomugove, muridzi mamiriro akabhadhara 80% kuti mutengo wayo. 20% vakanga anonzi munhu womumusha chezvipo chikwereti, yaakanga atora mu Yakabudiswa uye anofanira kuripa mukati mumakore 49.

Vachengeti vakabatana mumaruwa munharaunda, uye avo, akavapindurawo, iri revatema kupinda yeko. Field pasi akanakidzwa munharaunda. Kuti pave "muripo rudzikinuro", vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga kubatsira mumwe.

Yard vanhu nyika musina kurima, asi mukati makore maviri vakanga kwechinguva vaisungirwa. Next, vakabvumirwa kuti anonzi mumusha kana dzomumaguta munzanga. Pakati vanhuwo zvavo uye varidzi kupinda zvibvumirano zviri yakataurwa "charters." Rakavakwa pambiru yacho conciliator, vanonzwisisa nokusawirirana. Business zvokuchinja akatungamirira "Provincial Rural Affairs kuvapo."

migumisiro

Ndezvipi zvinhu vakasikwa Alexander Reform 2? The abolition pamusoro serfdom pachishandurwa basa kupinda hazvo, kukanganiswa kukura musika ukama, kureva kuti capitalist munyika. Somugumisiro tishandurwe ichi chinyararire akatanga kuumba matsva evanhu strata chavagari - the bourgeoisie uye proletariat.

Nokuda kuchinja zvematongerwo, zveupfumi upenyu Russian Empire mushure abolition pakati serfdom, hurumende aifanira kuva nezvimwe hunogutsa kuchinja kuti kukanganiswa kuchinja nyika yedu ive Bourgeois umambo.

On the kuchinja zvishoma

Ndiani aida abolition kuti serfdom pasi Alexander 2? MuRussia, pakati remakore rechi19 vakatanga chakasimba zvoupfumi uye Kunzanga, panobva riri chinyakare feudal-feudal zvoupfumi. nuance ichi makadzivisa kukura capitalism uye vanozivikanwa zvachose musiyano pakati Russia mazhinji munyika. Zvikuru dambudziko akaratidza muna Russian kukundwa vari Crimean War.

Feudal vanozivikanwa mberi, zvichikonzera kusagutsikana pakati varimi, mufaro. Vakawanda vomumusha vakatiza kubva rokumanikidzirwa. The worupo kwamachinda chidimbu vakaziva kudiwa kwokuchinja.

Muna 1855-1857 gg. King tsamba 63 pamwe panyaya nokuda kuchaitwa serfdom. Kwapera nguva, Alexander 2 akaziva kuti zviri nani kuti asunungure vanhu vomumusha pachavo mhinduro kune "pamusoro" pane kumirira insurgency "vapasi".

Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika tikafunga nokusimbaradza kukuru democratic-echimurenga moods iri muvanhu. NA Dobrolyubov uye N. G. Chernyshevsky aisimbisa pfungwa kuti akawana rutsigiro hwakakura kubva kwamachinda.

maonero kwamachinda

Saka, imi munotoriziva chii chisarudzo akatorwa naAlexander 2. zvikonzero abolition kuti serfdom isu zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro. Zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva yaiva yakakurumbira chaizvo magazini "Contemporary", pamusoro machira iyo vanhu pavaikurukura remangwana Russia. In London, rakabudiswa "Polar Star" uye "Bell" - vakazadzwa tariro umambo kutungamirira kuchaitwa serfdom muRussia.

Mushure zvikuru kunyatsofunga, Alexander 2 akatanga kugadzirira nekubatwa ari murimi mudiki kuchinja. Muna 1857-1858 gg. Committees ose enyika dzakaumbwa, chaisanganisira vakadzidza uye kufambira mberi vamiriri kwamachinda (NA Milyukov, Sarudza Rostovtsev, uye vamwe). Zvisinei, unorema kubva vakakwirira uye vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata aishora zvakagadzirwa uye akatsvaka kuramba zvikuru ropafadzo dzavo. Somugumisiro, izvozvo zvakakanganisa gwaro mitemo kugadzirwa Commission.

mamiriro ezvinhu

Zvirokwazvo unofanira kurangarira kuti vanhuwo zvavo masunungurwa Alexander 2. The abolition pamusoro serfdom muchidimbu inorondedzerwa akadhindwa zhinji sayenzi. Saka, muna 1861, 19 February, mambo kuti countersign ari Manifesto pamusoro zvibviswe vamanikidzwe dzidziso. State Treasury mukutanga mubhadharo kune landlords nyika ceded kuna Holdings ose vemumusha. Average kukura murimi mugove waiva akaenzana 3,3 maeka. Vanhuwo zvavo havana kunge dzinounzwa kwokurangana, saka vakatanga kurenda nyika kubva landlords, kubhadhara ayo basa uye mari. nuance ichi akachengeta murimi mudiki kutarisirwa tenzi uye akaita kudzokera yekare feudal manyorerwe kushanda.

Pasinei nokukurumidza kukura kugadzirwa uye dzimwe nokubudirira, nzvimbo Russian murimi mudiki achiri akagara anodzvinyirira chaizvo nehurumende. mitero State, vasara feudal ukama, zvikwereti kune varidzi kudziviswa kukura zvokurima.

Murimi mudiki munharaunda kodzero dzavo kunyika akava mutakuri unitary ukama kuti kunokanganisa kwoupfumi basa kupfuura enterprising nhengo.

prehistory

Bvumiranai, chinokonzera abolition kuti serfdom pasi Alexander 2 munhu akanaka rinorema. Yokutanga matanho kurutivi kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva vamanikidzwe nedoro akaita Paul Alexander 1 uye 1. Vari 1797 uye 1803 azvaitwa akasaina Manifesto yacho-zuva matatu corvee, izvo chete rokumanikidzirwa, uye Chirevo pamusoro vakasununguka zviyo vachengeti, izvo akatsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu yakazvimirira vanhuwo zvavo.

Alexander 1 akabvuma purogiramu A. A. Arakcheeva nezvekuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti serfdom nokuda foreclosure Manor vomumusha vane minda yavo muchivigiro. Asi chirongwa ichi haina chinozoiswa kushanda. Chete 1816-1819 biennium. Rakabvumirwa rusununguko kune vanhuwo zvavo reBaltic, asi pasina nyika.

Principles varimi munda kuvaka zvinhu pfungwa piringisha pamwe VA Kokoreva uye K. D. Kavelina wakagamuchira anoyevedza mhinduro nzanga iri 1850s. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Cavelin mu "Tsamba kusunungurwa vomumusha" (1855) yakati kuti vanhu vomumusha kunotenga kunyika achibatsirwa chikwereti uye kubhadhara muripo weUS 5% pagore kwemakore 37 kuburikidza rinokosha Farmers Bank.

Kokorev bhuku "Billion muna Fog" (1859) aida kuzotenga zviyo varimi achishandisa nemaune kwakatangwa yepachivande bhengi. Akakurudzira varimi kuti vaende pamwe nenyika uye Varidzi kuchibhadhara mari uchishandisa chikwereti akabhadhara vomumusha kwemakore 37.

Kuongororwa anochinja

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dziri kudzidza chii chakaita Alexander 2. abolition kuti serfdom mu Russia yakanga akadzidza nomunyori wenhau uye chiremba Alexander Skrebitskim, izvo vakauya pamwe chete mashoko zvose zvinowanikwa pamusoro kukura kuchinja mubhuku. basa rake yakabudiswa 60s. XIX remakore muna Bonn.

Papera venhoroondo vakambodzidza mubvunzo vomumusha, dzakasiyana vataure inokosha zvokudya mitemo iyi. Somuenzaniso, Pokrovsky akati kuti yose kuchinja nokuda ruzhinji varimi kwave kuderedzwa kuti chokwadi kuti vakarega pamutemo musoro "serfs." "Vanosungirwa" Zvino makadanirwa. Pamutemo, vakanga aionekwa sevakasununguka, asi upenyu hwavo haana kuchinja, uye kunyange kuipa. Somuenzaniso, landlords vava vazhinji Nokurova vanhuwo zvavo.

Munyori wenhau dzakaitika akanyora kuti "achifanira" vanhuwo zvavo tenda zvakasimba kuti ichi kuda - Kunyepa. Akataura kuti kuti zvakaziviswa namambo munhu akasununguka, uye panguva imwecheteyo kuramba kubhadhara rendi uye kuenda serfdom - ichi chinonyadzisa musiyano, inofarirwa nevakawanda. The chete vaifunga Somuenzaniso, kumwe kuremekedzwa nyanzvi pamusoro dambudziko yekare hurumende okurima Russian wenhoroondo NA Rozhkov, uyewo zvimwe vanyori vakanyora pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo.

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti mitemo February 1861, pamutemo hwokubvisa serfdom, kwete kubviswa kwayo sezvo sangano zvoupfumi uye magariro. Asi ivo rwakagadzirira nzira izvi zviitike mashomanana emakore.

tsoropodzo

Nei vakawanda vakatsoropodza ushe Alexander 2? The abolition pamusoro serfdom haana kufanana kukuru vakararama uye vanyori zhinji (kunyanya Soviet). Vaiona nadzurudzo iyi nehafu uye aiti kuti haina kuita kuti kusunungurwa vemumusha, asi chete akanyatsojekesa kuti mashandiro uyu muitiro, pamwe kusaruramisira uye kwakaminama.

Vanyori venhau vanoti nokubatanidzwazve ichi akwanise mujinga dzinonzi hayo-munda hurongwa - the kujairika placement munyika mumwe muridzi, yaiteverwa nezvavatorwa nezviitiko. Kutaura zvazviri, kuparadzirwa ichi zvishoma nezvishoma rakavapo pamusoro emakore. Yakanga migumisiro kuramba redistribution pakati zvaiita nyika, kunyanya panguva vakuru mu mhuri dhipatimendi vanakomana.

Kutaura zvazviri, murimi mudiki runofarira mushure nokubatanidzwazve 1861, vave vakapamba ne landlords munyika dzinoverengeka enyika kuti vakatora nyika kubva kuvarimi, kana kuisa paminiti capita aiva zvinopfuura nachiremba muruwa. Chokwadi, tenzi aigona uye kupa munda, asi kazhinji handina. Zviri mukati guru Estates vomumusha sei mabasa ari kuchinja uye akagamuchira migove yakaenzana rakadzika unodiwa.