Musiki Kudhinda Johannes Gutenberg: Biography

The German Johannes Gutenberg, ane Biography chinorondedzerwa munyaya ino, aiva zvikuru kwakabatsira munyika. kuvamba ake zvechokwadi akashandura nzira kare.

Madzitateguru Ioganna Gutenberga

Sezvo yakakurumbira muvambi akaberekwa uye akararama muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, mashoko pamusoro yakaramba kwazvo duku. Mumazuva iwayo chete vakakurumbira enyika uye zvechitendero Nhamba paakavapa kuti wapinda vhidhiyo zvinyorwa. Zvisinei, Johann rombo. Vakararama akanga kuongororwa basa rake, mashoko nezvazvo hunowanikwa akasiyana nhoroondo kurondedzerwa nguva.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Johann Gutenberg akaberekerwa mumhuri yakapfuma Gensfleysha Friel uye Elzy Virih. Izvi zvakaitika achipoterera gore 1400.

Vabereki vake taroorana muna 1386. mai vake vaibva mumhuri suknotorgovtsev, saka mubatanidzwa wavo kwainzi dzisakarurama. Muguta emakore aiva hondo pakati patricians (rokumusoro strata pakati burghers, baba mhuri) uye zvitoro (navapfuri vesimbi, dzaamai). Apo pavanotaurirana yakanga yakawedzera muna wokuMainz, kwakabva mhuri aifanira kusiya, kuti varege pangozi vana.

In wokuMainz, kwakabva mhuri wenhaka ainzi zita Gensfleysh rababa, uye chivanze Gutenberghof.

Zvichida muvambi akava munhu knighthood, kunyange kwakabva mai vake zvake zvinhu zvinopesana. Zvisinei, pane mitemo, yakasainwa neDare French King Charles wechinomwe wakabereka zita Gutenberg.

Uduku uye kuyaruka

Brief Biography pakati Johann haana huri chero zvinyorwa zvekare. Unogona kuripa chete Chidimbu mashoko. Ndokusaka mashoko akavimbika pamusoro pamakore okutanga oupenyu hwake nyore haako.

Record kubhabhatidzwa kwake haana vapukunyuke. Zvisinei, vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti zuva rokuberekwa kwake - June 24, 1400 (zuva Ioanna Krestitelya). Uyewo hapana chaiyo ruzivo pamusoro nzvimbo yake yaakaberekerwa. Zvinogona kuva wokuMainz uye Strasbourg.

Johann akanga mwana muduku mumhuri. mwanakomana wedangwe ainzi Friel vaivawo vasikana vaviri - Elsa uye Patz.

Ndapedza chikoro, jaya akadzidza handicraft nyaya, wakati akasarudza kutevera mumakwara wamadzibaba kubva mai. Zvinozivikanwa kuti iye asvika kumusoro unyanzvi uye akagamuchira tenzi kubva ipapo aidaro mukurovedza kudzidzira.

Life muStrasbourg

Johannes Gutenberg kusvika 1434 akararama muStrasbourg. Akanga muhondo nezvishongo mubhizimisi, iye kukwenenzverwa mabwe anokosha uye magirazi akabudiswa. Ipapo mupfungwa dzake pfungwa kuumba gadzirirwa kuti zvichaita kudhinda bhuku. Muna 1438 iye kunyange akasika sangano pasi risingazivikanwi zita "Enterprise pamwe unyanzvi." Cover sehofisi kugadzirwa nezvionioni. Kudyidzana Izvi yakarongwa pamwe chete mudzidzi wake Andreas Drittsenom.

Around ichi nguva Gutenberg chete chikwata vakanga vava kuda kukuru zvakawanikwa, asi rufu shamwari yava kunonoka kwebhuku kuvamba ake.

Kugadzirwa Kudhinda

The pokutangira kudhinda ano kuonekwa 1440, kunyange hakuna kudhindwa mapepa, mabhuku uye manyuko nguva. Pane nemamiriro ezvinhu uchapupu chete, maererano uyo Valdfogel kubva 1444 kutengesa chakavanzika "chakagadzirwa tsamba." Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakanga John pachake Gutenberg. Saka akaedza kuwana mari nokuti pakuzadzisa muchina wake. Paakanga ava chete convex tsamba akasikwa kubva simbi uye wakavezwa kupinda kwayo girazi mufananidzo. Kuti papepa paiva chinyorwa, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kushandisa rinokosha pendi uye wokudhinda.

Muna 1448 vanhu vokuGermany vakadzokera wokuMainz, apo pachibvumirano pamwe moneylender J. Fust, uyo wakaripira kwaari gore negore guilders masere. Profit kubva kudhinda aifanira kuzova chikamu. Asi pakupedzisira ichi urongwa vakatanga kushanda pamusoro Gutenberg. Akarega kuwana mari wakapikirwa kuti zvekushandisa rutsigiro, asi Purofiti vachiri zvakapatsanurwa.

Pasinei nematambudziko ose, muchina Ioganna Gutenberga muna 1956 akawana inoverengeka fonts dzakasiyana (dzinokwana shanu). Zvino kwakange wokutanga akadhindwa girama Elia Donata, magwaro akawanda yepamutemo uye, pakupedzisira, maBhaibheri maviri kuti vava nhoroondo Zvivako pakudhinda.

42-mutsetse Gutenberg Bible, kudhindwa hapana paya pane 1455, runoonekwa basa chikuru Johann. Zvasvika mazuva edu uye zvakachengetwa wokuMainz Museum.

Nokuti bhuku iri, muvambi wakasika chaiyo Fonts, rudzi Gothic manyorero. Zvakazoonekwa akafanana noruoko uye nokuda akaita ligatures uye abbreviations, iyo yakaitwa kushandisa panguva vomurayiro.

Sezvo aripo pendi hauna wakanyatsokodzera kuti kudhinda, Gutenberg aifanira kusika yavo. Nokuwedzera mhangura, kutungamirira uye nesarufa mashoko mubhuku akatendeuka rinokwanisa kucheneruka-dema, nomwenje uchenjeri, tsvuku pendi Raishandiswa categorization. Chokubatanidza maviri mavara, aifanira kurega peji imwe kaviri kubudikidza muchina.

Bhuku rakabudiswa aine makopi makopi 180, asi kuti akapona zvishoma. Nhamba huru iri Germany (gumi zvidimbu). MuRussia, paiva nomumwe chiitiko rokutanga akadhindwa Bhaibheri, asi pashure pokuchinja nehurumende yeSoviet akaitengesera panguva okisheni muLondon.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu Bhaibheri ichi kutengeswa florins 30 (3 magiramu egoridhe mari). Nhasi, chimwe peji yebhuku vanofungidzirwa pa 80 zviuru zvemadhora. A dzinokwana 1272 mapeji eBhaibheri.

litigation

Johannes Gutenberg kaviri kudana kururamisira. Kokutanga izvi muna 1439, pashure porufu shamwari uye shamwari yake A. Drittsena. vana vake vakati kuti muchina zvechokwadi chakatangwa baba vavo.

Gutenberg nyore akunda. Uye nemhaka zvokuvakisa ayo vaongorori vakawana, aiva nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa pachikuva kuti nokugadzirira. Zvinyorwa akabatanidza mashoko akadai sokuti "tsika", "kudhinda", "nhau", "basa iri". Izvi zvinonyatsoratidzwa kunooneka unoda muchina.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwacho yamira nokuda kwokushayiwa mamwe mashoko vakasiya Andreas. Johann akanga kuvakazve yavo.

kutongwa newechipiri akatora nzvimbo muna 1455, apo muvambi sued J. Fust vasiri kubhadharwa mubereko. Dare rakatonga kuti aidhinda uye yenhengo dzayo dzose hwakatamisirwa mukwiriri. Johannes Gutenberg akazogadzira wokudhindisa muna 1440, uye makore gumi namashanu Kwapera aifanira kutanga muvare.

mumakore achangodarika

With nepaburi retsono kutongwa, Gutenberg vakasarudza kurega. Akabatana nekambani kuna K. Gumerov uye yakabudiswa muna 1460 rondedzero Ioganna Balba, uyewo Latin girama pamwe muduramazwi.

Muna 1465 akapinda basa Elector Adolf.

Pazera makore 68 akafa bhuku vaidhinda. Akavigwa wokuMainz, asi mamiriro nzvimbo muguva harizivikanwi.

Kupararira Kudhinda

Chii yakakurumbira Johann Gutenberg, mwoyo vakawanda. mari nyore kufanana vose. Saka, pane vanhu vazhinji se vanotanga yokudhinda mu Europe.

Name Gutenberg yakanyorwa rimwe mapepa ake Peter Sheffer, ake mudzidziri webasa. Pashure pokuparadzwa kudhinda vashandi vayo rokutanga vakaparadzirwa Europe yose, kutanga michina itsva dzimwe nyika. mudzidzisi wavo akanga akanyorwa Johannes Gutenberg. The wokudhindisa kupararira nokukurumidza muHungary (A. Hess), Italy (Sveyhneym), Spain. Oddly, hapana vadzidzi Gutenberg haana kuenda France. VokuParis oga akakoka vaidhinda German kushanda munyika yavo.

Wokupedzisira pfungwa iri munhoroondo zvokudhinda akaisa basa Anthony Van Der Linden muna 1878.

Gutenbergovedenie

Unhu European piyona yagara dzakakurumbira. Vanotsvakurudza munyika dzakawanda havana kurasikirwa mukana kunyora mamwe basa iri Biography rake kana basa. Kunyange muupenyu hwake vakatanga kukakavadzana pamusoro vanonzi nokugadzirwa uye nzvimbo (wokuMainz kana Strasbourg).

Dzimwe nyanzvi inonzi Gutenberg mudzidziri webasa Fust uye Schaeffer. Uye pasinei akadana Johann Schaeffer muvambi mubhuku yokudhinda, makuhwa izvi hazvina ikadzikama kwenguva refu.

Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano inonzi huru dambudziko iri kuti mumabhuku okutanga akadhindwa havasi zviripo colophon, ndiwo mucherechedzo rakanyorwa. Nokuita kudaro, Gutenberg aizokwanisa tidzivise yakawanda nematambudziko uye havana kubvumirwa vegetate nhaka yavo.

On ndiani muvambi anoziva masheya, uye nekuti hapana pachake matsamba, yakavimbika mufananidzo. Nhamba kukwana vhidhiyo uchapupu.

Johannes Gutenberg akazogadzira rakasiyana fonts, nemhaka iyo akakwanisa kumisa uye kuzosimbisa nhaka yake.

MuRussia, kufarira kudzidza upenyu piyona azviratidza chete muzana nemakore maviri. Zvadaro quincentenary akaona nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa rokudhinda. The mutsvakurudzi rokutanga raiva Vladimir Lublin, mumiririri vezvesayenzi pakati Leningrad.

Nyika yose iri rakanyorwa uye yakabudiswa mapepa anopfuura 3,000 kwesayenzi (zvinosanganisira uye pfupi Biography pamusoro Gutenberg).

ndangariro

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete akachengetedzawo vivo Portraits pamusoro Johann. The achiita zvokutemera wokutanga, kudanana kubva 1584 gore, akanga akanyorwa Paris akarondedzera muvambi chitarisiko.

WokuMainz anonzi kwete chete taundi rokumusha Johann, asi nzvimbo nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa muchina wokudhinda. Naizvozvo, pane shongwe Gutenberg, miziyamu ake (yakavhurwa 1901).

Zvinonzi zita pashure imwe asteroid mwena pamusoro Moon.