World tsika uye nhoroondo yaro

tsika World, kushanda sezvo mananara evanhu upenyu, zviri afarire zvakasiyana siyana sayenzi. Fani iyi vakaongorora evanhu uye aesthetics, kuchera matongo, ethnography uye nevamwe. Next, tinotarisa chii chinonzi tsika nyika.

tsananguro

Zvinofanira kutanga tsanangudzo "tsika" mafungiro. Izwi zvirevo zvizhinji kwazvo. Chaiwo Shanduro uye uri anogona kusangana yakawanda kududzirwa pfungwa iyi. In zvavo upenyu, tsika kunzwisisa padanho yokutarisira uye dzidzo kodzero. Nemachira, Fani iyi kwakabatana zvakananga vakawanda mabasa acho uri uye unyanzvi nenyanzvi. Muupenyu hwevanhu vari zvinoshandawo tsanangudzo pakutaura, enyika, mupfungwa, basa tsika.

yekare pfungwa

Kare, padanho nemagariro zvakakodzera noWokumusoro rwokugadzira sayenzi, uye chinangwa kwakatendwa kuti vanhu vafare. History of World Culture anoenda mwoyo emakore. Pfungwa aipikisa noutsinye uye ufuza vanhu vake mamiriro. Pashure pechinguva paivawo tariro tsananguro. A mutsigiri izvozvo, zvikurukuru, aiva Rousseau. Aidavira kuti nyika tsika zvayo itsime zvakaipa uye kusaruramisira munzanga. Maererano Rousseau, ndicho muparadzi yetsika uye kwete kuti vanhu vafare uye akapfuma. Uyezve, aidavira kuti uipi hwevanhu - mugumisiro nemagariro kubudirira. Rousseau aida kurarama maererano zvakasikwa, Kuzadziswa kurerwa dzevanhu pamusoro pachipfuva chake. In chekare German uzivi netsika nyika wakaonekwa ive nzvimbo rusununguko vanhu pakunamata. Mufudzi akaisa mberi pfungwa yokuti chiitiko ichi ndicho mberi okukura mano pfungwa.

Marxist uzivi

Muzana remakore rechi19 pfungwa "tsika nyika" raishandiswa senzira hunhu okugadzira zvinhu kwevanhu uye kunzwisisa migumisiro remapazi ayo. Marxism akasimbisa conditionality tsika wakananga kugadzirwa nzira. Zvaidavirwa kuti iye agara aine imwe hunhu: .. Bourgeois, chinyakare, etc. Marxism akaongorora kuratidzwa siyana: enyika, basa, uye zvimwe zvirimwa.

anonzwisisa Nietzsche

Muzivi, akatsvaka kuunza tsika kutsoropodzwa Chiitiko kusvika pokupedzisira. Akatarira tsika chete senzira kukundwa uye kudzvinyirira womunhu pachishandiswa yepamutemo uye nezvimwe nemirau, inorambidza, mirairo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vazivi vanodavira kuti zvinokosha. Akatsanangura kubudikidza ndechokuti munhu pacharo kuva countercultural, okumanikidza uye zviwanikwa.

Dzidziso Spengler

Akarambawo pfungwa kuti nhoroondo tsika yenyika pamwe mberi. Maererano Spengler, rakakamurwa akawanda akasiyana uye akazvimirira zvinenge. zvinhu izvi hazvisi interconnected uye vanongoberekwa anotevedzana dzakawanda matanho: chidzoke, maruva uye kufa. Spengler aidavira kuti hapana tsika nyika chete. Muzivi akasarudza sere tsika dzomunzvimbo: Russian-Siberian, Maya, Western Europe, Byzantine, Arab, Greek uye Roman, Chinese, Indian, muIjipiti. Vakanga vaionekwa se raivapo vakazvimiririra uye pachavo.

kunzwisisa ano

World tsika - kutanga siyana. It yakaumbwa pasi ezvinhu akasiyana. The ano pfungwa chinoshamisa zviso akasiyana chaizvo, nokuti zvinosanganisira nheyo tsika dzenyika. Kukura neimwe nyika iri rakasiyana. The tsika rudzi kunoratidza pachako kurohwa uye nhoroondo nzira, zvaanotenda munzanga. Zvisinei, pasinei kusiyana-siyana ichi, pfungwa imwe. Mupiro guru netsika nyika akaita capitalist kumusika. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka nayo akaparadza nezvevanhu vemamwe marudzi richikunda kuMiddle Ages, akashandura nyika ive "mumwe-imba" vanhu. Chinokosha zvikuru netsika nyika yakanga yawanikwa America Columbus. Chiitiko ichi achishingaira pave kuchaitwa voga avanhu uye nyika. Kusvikira tsika kwavatori vari mupasi muitiro.

Key kuitikawo

Muzana XX remakore paiva kunoshamisa kumhanyisa pamusoro convergence netsika National uye emunharaunda. To musi, pakutsvaga kuitika maviri kukura kunzwisisa ichi. Chokutanga izvi inofanira kukurukurwa sezvinoitwa nechido kusiyana uye mavambo, ndichengetedze "munhu". Izvi zvinonyanya pachena muna ngano, mabhuku uye mutauro. Chechipiri kuitika runoonekwa kuti interpenetration uye maitiro netsika dzakasiyana. Izvi ruvepo kushandisa zvinobudirira nzira yokukurukurirana uye kutaurirana, kushingaira zvokutengeserana uye ezvoupfumi exchanges, uyewo kuvapo zvakafanana administrative hurongwa kuti kudzora azvaiitwa. Somuenzaniso, United Nations, UNESCO anoshanda - sangano anokonzera nyaya nemasayendisiti, dzidzo uye tsika. Somugumisiro, kukura kwacho anotora RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA maonero. Zvichienderana tsika kwetunhu yakabereka imwe yemapuraneti nebudiriro, tinazvo tsika nyika yose. Murume hazvisi kwayo musiki. Uyewo tsika kunoita kuti pave nevanhu. Mariri vanhu vawane ruzivo uye zivo vamutangira.

World dzechitendero netsika

Fani iyi zvinosanganisira zvakawanda gadziriro. Vakanga aumba iri National hwaro, chokuita yekare zvitendero uye chevarwere tsika, mutauro. Avo kana dzimwe dzidziso kare vemunyika mune dzimwe nyika. Nheyo tsika dzechitendero nyika vari chokuita zvikuru munyika uye dzinza avanhu.

Judaism

chitendero ichi kwakamuka pakati pevaJudha vekare. Pakutanga kwemireniyumu vanhu ava kunyika Palestine rechipiri. ChechiJudha - mumwe zvitendero mashoma kuti achiripo kusvikira nguva ino kushanda kuchinja chimiro. Kudavira ichi chinoratidza kuchinja kubva vakawanda kuti mumwechete.

ChiHindu

chimiro Ichi chitendero ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana. It akamuka Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga AD. Raiva mugumisiro yairwisana chiJain, chiBhudha (chitendero chitsva) uye Brahmanism.

Zvinotendwa in Ancient China

Rakajairika mumazuva ekare aiva chitendero sezvo chiConfucian uye chiTao. With Panyaya wokutanga nharo kusvikira nhasi. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pane zvizhinji zviratidzo kuti kubvumira kuti funga chiConfucian chitendero vakawanda haina kuzivikanwa sezvo vakadaro. peculiarity Its ndiye pasina vanhu vakaderera evapristi uye aurayiwe Netsika vehurumende. ChiTao anonzi ari zvetsika dzechivanhu siyana. Inopa kuti hierarchical rukoko vapristi. Hwaro chitendero vakanga vaiita zvitsinga uye zviito. ChiTao ari wakakwirira pamwero chavanoziva. Muchiitiko chino, chitendero awana munhu supranational hunhu. Pasi chimiro ichi zvakavhenganiswa vezvitendero Vamiririri mitauro, marudzi. Vanogona zvose munharaunda yakakura, patsika iri zvikuru kure nomumwe.

chiBhudha

Izvi yekare yechitendero tsika nyika yakatanga muna V remakore. BC. e. Kuwanda vatendi ndiyo mashomanana mamiriyoni zana. Maererano zvinyorwa zvekare, sezvo muvambi muchinda nyasha India Siddhartha Gautama. Akagamuchira zita Buddha. Nemhaka yechitendero ichi Vatsigiri tsika dzidziso, izvo munhu anogona kuva akakwana. Pakutanga mirayiro muchiBuddha achireva kunaka muforoma uye vane Haabvumirani hunhu: Musabvisa mumwe munhu, kwete kuuraya, uye zvichingodaro. Nokuti vaya vanotsvaka kuva akakwana, izvi zvinodiwa mhedziso chokwadi.

chiKristu

chitendero ichi anonzi kuti vakawanda nhasi. Kune vatendi anopfuura bhiriyoni. MuBhaibheri sehwaro kushandiswa, izvo zvinosanganisira Testamende Yekare New. Chinonyanya kukosha Chitendero tsika zvokugoverana uye rubhabhatidzo. The yokupedzisira anoonekwa chiratidzo nokubviswa kubva chivi murume chepakutanga.

Iziramu

Ichi chitendero Arabic-kutaura marudzi, ruzhinji Asian uye North African kwevanhu. Bhuku chikuru Islam anonzi kuva Koran. Zviri dzakaunganidzwa zvinyorwa dzidziso uye mashoko muvambi chitendero Muhammad.

In mhedziso

Chitendero chimwe chikuru siyana mutsika ino. Inside nayo mirayiro wechokwadi, kuti munhu anofanira kutevera muupenyu hwake hwose. Pamwe chete chitendero ichi chinhu evanhu chikonzero yokudzora nesungano pakati vanhu. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kuti nzanga vane nhengo kunzwisisa rusununguko rwavo sezvo madiro.