Makemikari yokuita glycerol. The STRUCTURAL uye samolecular payakavakirwa

Nyore polyhydric doro, sezvamakaropafadzwa pane mapoka matatu OH, - glycerol. The yemaitiro nokuti yeimwe iyi vakawanda mhando, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Kuti tinzwisise zvivako uye raishandiswawo glycerin yayo homologues nani, funga zvakasiyana siyana yeimwe pakati Masvomhu, chimwe nechimwe rinoshandiswa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kupatsanura uye Nomenclature pamusoro glycerols

In Organic kemesitiri alcohols - muri zvinhu zvinobva Mahydrocarbon. Chikamu hydrogen maatomu ari Morekuru iri kuchiiswa nemapoka hydroxy mumwe kana kupfuura. Alcohols zvisingapindirani kuwanda OH mapoka (mono-, va-, polyhydric). Rezasi veboka nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu kubva 1 kusvika 12 - mvura zvinhu, yakakwirira - nezvishoma. Alkantrioly, kana glycerol - a trihydric alcohols ane ayo sezvamunoita matatu hydroxyl chokuita nhatu dzakasiyana kabhoni maatomu. Compounds Kuva boka iri kuratidza amphoteric ehupfumi, nokuda yakawiriranwa pokudzora hydroxy mapoka uye kukuru.

Nyore mumiririri alkantriolov - 1,2,3-propanetriol (fanano - glycerin). Formula fuma - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Enderana Nomenclature kunosanganisira muchirumbidza zita runoenzanirana alkane neshoko "triol", kushandiswa Arabic sezviverengo, kutsanangura nzvimbo OH boka. Vaisvika mamorekuru kuva homologs ose glycerol kubva pedo kuguma cheni hydroxyl. Possible mhando isomeric nemamiriro kabhoni cheni, nzvimbo hydroxy mapoka Manyiminya.

Panovhurwa glycerol

Swedish mishonga Karl Scheele muna 1779 kokutanga akapiwa itsva syrupy fuma kubva saponification kwemafuta. Makore 33 gare gare wokuFrance M. Chevreul ainzi zvinozipa zvokunwa glycerin.

Makemikari anoumba Peluso hwakagadzwa muna 1836. rakakura adzidze mamiriro akaita Berthelot (1854) uye Wurtz (1857), kuramba kuongorora glycerol. Molecular payakavakirwa uye yakakura hunhu yakabvumirwa kutakura glycerin tikadzivisa doro.

Kudiwa glycerol yakawedzera zvinooneka kubva 1847, apo akanga akazarurwa nitric Esteri. Swedish injiniya A. Nobel muna 1875 akakwanisa nokushandisa glycerine zvinoputika - Dynamite.

The sezvamunoita, mamiriro uye chepuraimari glycerol fomura

Zvepakutanga Zvinoumba kwenyaya chinyorwa rinobatana wechokwadi, uye zvakakomba empirical yokuita glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. ane kabhoni cheni maatomu matatu, rimwe nerimwe rine chokuita hydroxy boka. Chemical zviratidzo kureva zvinhu aive maatomu: C - kabhoni, O - okisijeni, H - rehydrogen. Zvinoumba glycerol dzinoratidza Masvomhu siyana (samolecular, STRUCTURAL). Zvinowanzoshandiswa adzidze pfuma uye sharosterzhnevye hemispherical muenzaniso. Two-dimensional uye-dimensional matatu zvivako zvakasikwa pachishandiswa kombiyuta Modelling - munhu spatial mufananidzo morekuru glycerol. Vanobvumira kuti kuona mamiriro, hama chinzvimbo uye daro, chisungo angled pakati maatomu.

Molecular uye matadza guru glycerol

By samolecular payakavakirwa anogona kuwanikwa uye matadza guru, kuti chikamu zvinhu zviri zvinhu. Nokuti Masvomhu zvakakodzera kushandisa tsika maatomu negurumwandira zvinhu akanyorwa periodic table. The empirical yokuita glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. By vachiwedzera maatomu uremu (ari. E. M.) Of nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana neuwandu maatomu, zvichiteverwa kusanganiswa netsika vakawana vachawana samolecular (Mr) uye matadza (M) chevanhu vakawanda. Nokuti rudzi Masvomhu nyore kushandisa glycerol chakakomba payakavakirwa - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; uwandu maatomu ari Morekuru - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; maatomu - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; maatomu - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} + 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 pamwe. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / mol /
• The chikamu zvinhu zviri zvinhu Morekuru: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

The ouchenjeri uye STRUCTURAL yokuita glycerol

The Zvinoumba nyaya yaro samolecular vanoratidza pfungwa uye zvakakomba payakavakirwa, asi havazivi kuratidza urongwa maatomu iyo hwakasiyana glycerol. The yemaitiro uye STRUCTURAL kombiyuta muenzaniso nani wakanyatsokodzera kudzidza nemamiriro Morekuru, zvisungo pakati maatomu.

• A zviine musoro yokuita glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Kubva Kuronga mamorekuru kuzivikanwa uye akanyudzwa muzvikomberedzo dzichipfekeka mumapoka OH. Pakarepo mushure yokupedzisira parenthesis inoratidza nhamba mapoka hydroxyl ari Morekuru.
• Polurazvernuty maonero pfungwa payakavakirwa - HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Structural Formula zvakajeka zvinoratidza nzvimbo Morekuru. Dashes pakati maatomu zvinomiririra nemakemikari zvisungo.
• Lewis mamiriro unotora Dots kumirira kuti Valence maerekitironi uye vakaroorana nokuita chisungo inotungamirwa.

Mamwe mamorekuru mufananidzo mhando ipi nzvimbo zvikuru, saka kakawanda kushandisa rakapfupikiswa wevacheche, semuenzaniso, HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, uye skeletal mamiriro:

Condition maatomu ari glyceryl Morekuru

Hydroxyl - Polár PARTICIPLE, kunze okisijeni ane oga vachipiwa maerekitironi. Kuvapo mapoka matatu hydroxyl kunotungamirira mamwe polarization pamusoro O-H. Carbon maatomu anooneka haasaruri mutariri "+" kufambisa nucleophilic kuzvitsinhanisa kuti hydroxyl. Peculiarities pakati sezvamunoita uye mamiriro, izvo zvinoreva STRUCTURAL yokuita glycerin, vari kwechokwadi ehupfumi ari fuma. remubatanidzwa ichi kunoratidzwa dzakawanda rehydrogen zvisungo - kupfuura simba ukama. Glycerol ane zvakawanda raidudzwa asidhi ehupfumi, sezvo zvichienzaniswa panyaya iyi uye propanol. Pakati mikuru kunetsa nomukaka zviri glycerol trioleate. fomura:

• nyore - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya kodzera - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ vanogurukuta) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• kodzera zvinhu pamwe STRUCTURAL uye skeletal -

Kutarisika glycerol

At kamuri tembiricha, 1,2,3-propanetriol - Hauoneki kana rakachenuruka tsvuku mvura, odorless, inotapira kuravira. Rakasimbisa inonyunguduka yakaderera tembiricha glycerin ari tembiricha 17,8 ° C. Achibika fuma zvichiteverwa kwemvura rinotanga 290 ° C. Glycerol zvishoma zvairema kupfuura mvura, ayo arambe achirema kukarukureta pa 20 ° C unobereka imwe kukosha 1,2604 g / cm3.

Properties ose 1,2,3-propanetriol

Chemical yokuita glycerol haripi mashoko pamusoro yezvakaita amphoteric akakura. Simba acidic uye dzinokosha zvivako zviri zvinhu chokuita kufurirwa zvinhu maatomu ari Morekuru, kuti polarization iri boka G-H. In pamberi glycerol iri vakaita ane alkali hydroxide, mhangura (II), vakawana zvitema yechitema kunzwisisa (mumwe Qualitative siyana). With acids ose glycerol kuita inoguma nokuumbwa esters. Kuita rimwe trihydric doro pamwe nitric asidhi pamberi H ₂ SO ₄ (conc.) Kunoita kuti paumbwe nitroglycerin.

Kumba, kubva kwemafuta uye mafuta vachishandisa glycerol, ethyl doro uye zvimwe zvinhu yakagadzirira sipo. The yokubikira kwacho kunoda kungwarira vakawanda kudziyisa pamusoro kugeza nemvura, munhu rokusika yokusvika kusarudzwa zvinoriumba uye zvitarisiko kuti sipo kuita vakagadzirira chigadzirwa.

Glycerin nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka zvinoshandiswa enamels, pendi, vazhinji mishonga, toiletries. Rine shuga zvakasiyana-siyana zvokudya, kusanganisira zvakabikwa zvinhu. zita International pamusoro shuga uye uhwiro confections - E422. Pamwe chete nemamwe alcohols, uye mafuta asidhi esters, glycerin runoonekwa sechinhu vanokwanisa yokutsiva chinotsva zvinobva peturu. Mari-dzinobudirira kushandisa akasiyana-siyana idzva biodiesel kuti mupopotedzane motokari kuchaita revolutionize yose senga zvekutepfenyura. Kuvandudza kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro upfumi hwenyika kuderedza kuvimba mafuta uye gasi.