Yugoslavia. Hondo muYugoslavia: chinyorwa chezviitiko

Kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika ehukuru hwakadai seU.S. uye USSR, iyo yakabva pakati pemakore ekuma1940 kusvika kuma1991, uye haina kumbokura kuva mhirizhonga chaiyo yehondo, yakatungamirira pakuonekwa kweshoko rakadaro seCold War. Yugoslavia inzvimbo yekare yevanhu vanogara munyika yose yakatanga kuparadzanisa pamwe chete neSoviet Union. Chikonzero chikuru chakakonzera kutanga kwemakakatanwa ehondo chaiva nechido cheWest West kuti chiise simba rayo munharaunda iyo yaimbova yeU.SR.

Hondo yeYugoslavia yakaumbwa nemakakatanwa ehondo akagara kwemakore gumi-kubva muna 1991 kusvika muna 2001, uye pakupedzisira akaendesa hurumende kuti iparadzwe, iyo yakaguma nekugadzirwa kwezviverengero zvakasiyana-siyana. Pano hondo yakanga ine mamiriro enyika yose, neSerbia, Croatia, Bosnia neHerzegovina, Albania neMacedonia vachiita chikamu. Hondo yeYugoslavia yakatanga nekuda kwemadzinza uye zvechitendero. Izvi zviitiko, zvakaitika muEurope, zvakava neropa rakawanda kubva pamazuva a1939-1945.

Slovenia

Hondo yeYugoslavia yakatanga nehondo yakabva kuJune 25 kusvika munaJuly 4, 1991. Nzira yezvakaitika inobva kuSlovenia inonzi yakasununguka pasina unilaterally, semhaka yekukakavadzana kwakaparadzana pakati peYugoslavia. Uhu huri hurumende hutora hutongi hwemiganhu yose, uyewo nzvimbo yepamhepo pamusoro penyika. Masoja emunzvimbo mauto akatanga kugadzirira kubatwa kwevasungwa veJNA.

Hondo yevanhu veYugoslavia yakasangana nekutsamwa kunotyisa kubva kumasangano emunharaunda. Mukukurumidza, mabharani akaiswa uye nzira iyo maJNA akachengetedza akazovhara. Munyika, hurumende yakashamiswa, uye vatungamiriri vayo vakakumbira rubatsiro kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope.

Hondo yakaguma nekuda kwekusayina kweBvumirano yaBrion, iyo yakamanikidza JNA kupedza hondo, uye Slovenia yaifanira kusimudzira kusaina kwekuzivisa pamusoro pekuzivisa rusununguko rwayo kwemwedzi mitatu. Kurasikirwa kubva muuto reYugoslavia kwaive nevanhu 45 vakaurawa uye 146 vakakuvadzwa, uye Slovenian, maererano nemakore, 19 ne182.

Nenguva isipi, kutungamirirwa kweSFRY kwakamanikidzwa kubvuma kukunda uye kuyananisa neSlovenia yakasununguka. Mukupedzisa, JNA yakabvisa mauto ayo kubva munharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika.

Croatia

Pashure peSlovenia yakawana rusununguko kubva kuYugoslavia, chikamu cheSerbia chevanhu vanogara mundima iyi vakaedza kuumba nyika yakasiyana. Vakakurudzira chido chavo chekubvisa kubva kunekuti kodzero dzevanhu dzakanzi dzinoputsika pano. Nokuda kweizvi, vaparadzatori vakatanga kusika izvo zvinonzi self-defense units. Croatia yakatarisa ichi sechiedza chekubatana neSerbia, ndokupomera vadzivisi vayo kukura, uye nekuda kweizvozvo, muna August 1991 hutsinye hwakawanda hwakatanga.

Inopfuura 40% yenyika yakanga yakafukidzwa nehondo. VaCroats vakatevera chinangwa chekubvisa maSerbia nekudzinga JNA. Vazvipiri, vachida kuwana rusununguko rwakamirira kwenguva yakareba, vakabatana mumasvingo eVarindi uye vakatsvaka nesimba ravo rose ivo nemhuri dzavo kuzivisa rusununguko.

Hondo yeBosnia

1991-1992 yakaratidza kutanga kwenzira yekusunungurwa kubva mumatambudziko eBosnia neHerzegovina, umo Yugoslavia yakatora. Hondo iyi panguva ino haina kuitika kwete imwe nyika chete, asiwo nyika dzakapoteredza. Somugumisiro, kupesana uku kwakakonzera kutarira kwaNATO, EU uye UN.

Panguva ino, mauto ehondo akaitika pakati pevaBusnia nemaBroatia, avo vanotsigira kudzivirira, pamwe chete neCroats nemapoka ezvombo zveSerbia. Pakutanga kwemhirizhonga mukurwisana, JNA yakabatanidzwa. Kwapera nguva pfupi, masimba eNATO akabatana, mauto uye vanozvipira kubva kumativi akasiyana.

MunaFebruary 1992, sangano rakagadzirwa kuparadzanisa hurumende iyi muzvikamu zvinomwe, zviviri zvacho zvaifanira kupiwa vaCroats nevaMuslim, uye zvitatu kuvaSerbia. Chibvumirano ichi hachina kugamuchirwa nemukuru weBosnia masimba, Aliya Izetbegovic. Croatian neSerbian nationalists vakati iyi ndiyo chete nzira yekugumisa kukakavara, mushure mokunge Hondo Yenyika muYugoslavia ichienderera mberi, ichikwevera kufungidzirwa kwezvinenge zvose masangano epasi rose.

VaBosnia vakashongedzerwa nemauto evaMuslim, nekuda kwekuti mauto eRiphabliki yeBosnia neHerzegovina akaumbwa. MunaMeyi 1992, ARBC yakashandurwa ikava hurumende yehondo yakasununguka yehurumende. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zviito zveuto zvekare zvakaguma nekuda kwekusayina kweChipikirwa cheSteston, chakagara chagadzirisa hurongwa hwebumbiro reBosnia neHerczegovina.

Kushanda "Mindful Force"

Zita rakadaro rekodhi rakagamuchirwa nemapurisa emapurisa ematunhu eSerbia mumhirizhonga dzehondo muBosnia neHerzegovina, iyo yakaitwa naNATO. Chikonzero chekutanga kwebasa iri chaiva kuputika muna 1995 mumusika weMarkale. Kuziva avo vanoita zvehugandanga zvaisakwanisika, asi NATO yakapa mhosva yezvakaitika kune veSerbia, avo vakaramba zvakananga kubvisa zvombo zvavo kuSarajevo.

Nokudaro, nhoroondo yehondo muYugoslavia yakaramba iine Opera Deliberate Force usiku hweAugust 30, 1995. Chinangwa chayo ndechokuderedza mukana wekuSerbia kurwisa munzvimbo dzakachengeteka, izvo NATO yakagadzwa. Aviation yeGreat Britain, USA, Germany, France, Spain, Turkey neNetherlands yakatanga kukwira munzvimbo dzevaSerbia.

Kwemavhiki maviri, zvikamu zvinopfuura zvitatu zveNATO zvakabuda. Chigumisiro chebhodhi rekuputika chaiva kuparadzwa kwekuisa radar, zvombo uye zvombo zvezvombo, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvekutengesa uye zvimwe zvivako zvinokosha. Uye, zvechokwadi, chinangwa chikuru chaiitwa: vaSerbia vakabva muguta reSarajevo nemichina yakakura.

Kosovo

Hondo yeYugoslavia yakaramba ichiita nehondo yakagadzikana pakati peFRY neAlbania vaparadzani muna 1998. Vagari veKosovo vakatsvaka rusununguko. Gore rakatevera, NATO yakapindira mumamiriro acho ezvinhu, zvichibva pakuitwa kwe "Union Force" yakatanga.

Iyi mhirizhonga yakanga yakanyatsorongedzerwa nekuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, iyo yakaguma kune vazhinji vakaurayiwa uye kuwedzera kwevapoteri - mwedzi mishomanana pashure pokuputika kwehondo, pakange pane vanenge 1 000 vakafa uye vakakuvara, uye vanopfuura 2 000 vapoteri. Mugumisiro wehondo iyi yaiva sarudzo yeUnited States muna 1999, iyo yakaita kuti kudzivirirwa kwekudzima kwemoto uye kudzorerwa kweKosovo kuYugoslavia. The Security Council yakachengetedza hurumende, kutaridzirwa kwekutsvaira, kubviswa kwemauto eKLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) uye mapoka ane zvombo zveAlbania.

Operation "Union Force"

Rwendo rwechipiri rwekuuya kweNorth Atlantic Alliance iri muRF yakaitwa kubva munaMarch 24 kusvikaJune 10, 1999. Basa racho rakaitika panguva yekucheneswa kwemarudzi kuKosovo. Gare gare, International International Tribunal yakatsigira basa rekuchengeteka kweFederal Republic of Yugoslavia nokuda kwemhosva dzakapiwa nevaAlbania. Kunyanya, panguva yekushanda kwekutanga "Mindful Force".

Vakuru veYugoslavia vakaona 1.7 zviuru zvevakafa, 400 vavo vaiva vana. Vanenge zviuru gumi vanhu vakakuvadzwa zvikuru, uye 821 - vakanga vasipo. Kuiswa kweChipatimendi cheMasikirini Chekuita pakati peJNA neNorth Atlantic Alliance kunopedza kuputika kwebhomba. NATO masimba uye maitirwo emarudzi ose akatora kutonga kwedunhu iri. Kwapera nguva pfupi, masimba aya akaendeswa kumadzinza eAlbania.

South Serbia

Kurwisana pakati peboka risina mhirizhonga, rainzi Army yeRuberation of Medvedi, Presevo uye Bujanovac, uye Yugoslavia. Nhamba yepamusoro yebasa muSerbia yakabatana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa muMakedhoniya.

Hondo yekare yeYugoslavia inenge yakamira pashure pokunge dzimwe zvibvumirano zvakazosvika pakati peNATO neBelgrade muna 2001, izvo zvakavimbisa kudzoka kwevarwi veYugoslavia kuenda kunharaunda yehutete hwepasi. Mukuwedzera, zvibvumirano zvakasayirwa pakuumbwa kwemapurisa, uyewo pamusana pekuregererwa kwevarwi vanozvipira kusarudza kuzvipira.

Kusangana muPresevo Valley kwakauraya vanhu 68, 14 vavo vaiva mapurisa. Albanian magandanga akaita 313 kurwisa, iyo yakauraya vanhu 14 (9 vavo vakaponeswa, uye kuguma kwechina hakusi kuzivikanwa nhasi).

Makedhoniya

Chikonzero chekukakavadzana muhurumende iyi haisi yakasiyana nemakakatanwa akapfuura muYugoslavia. Nharo yacho yakaitika pakati pevaAlbania separatists nevaMakedhoniya munenge munenge muna 2001.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kupisa munaJanuary, apo hurumende yeRepublic yakaona zviitiko zvekurwisana kuhondo nemaapurisa. Sezvo veMacedonia basa rekuchengetedza risina kutora matanho, vanhu vazhinji vakatyisidzira kutenga zvombo zvakasununguka. Mushure meizvi, kubva munaJanuary kusvikira munaNovember 2001, pakanga paine kukakavadzana nguva dzose pakati pemapoka eAlbania nevaMacedonia. Zviitiko zvinopisa ropa rakaitika munharaunda yeguta reTetovo.

Somugumisiro wekupesana kwevakatambudzwa kubva kuMasedhonia, paiva nevarume makumi manomwe, uye vaAlbania vaparadzani - vanenge 800. Hondo yakaguma nechisayina chibvumirano che Ohrid pakati peMakedhoniya nemauto eAlbania, izvo zvakaendesa hurumende kukunde mukurwisana kwekusununguka uye kuchinja kusvika pakugadzwa kwehupenyu hune rugare. Hondo muYugoslavia, iyo nhoroondo yezviitiko zvinopera zviri munaNovember 2001, chaizvoizvo inoenderera kusvikira nhasi. Iye zvino ine hutsika hwemarudzi ose ehondo uye kukwikwidza kwakaputika kune maimbova mapurisa eFR.

Migumisiro yehondo

Mumazuva ekupedzisira-hondo, Dare Repamusorosoro reAimbova Yugoslavia rakagadzwa. Iri gwaro rakadzorera ruramisiro kuvanovhiringidzwa vekukakavadzana kwenyika dzose (kunze kweSlovenia). Vanhu chaivo, uye kwete mapoka akanangana zvakananga mumhosva dzinopesana nevanhu, vakawanikwa uye vanorangwa.

Pakazosvika 1991-2001, Munharaunda yose yekare yaimbova Yugoslavia, mabhomba anenge zviuru mazana matatu akadonhera uye zvombo zvinenge 1 000 zvakabviswa. Mukurwisana kwemarudzi ega ega nokuda kwekuzvimirira kwavo, basa guru rakaitwa neNATO, iro rakapindira mukutonga kwevakuru veYugoslavia. Hondo muYugoslavia, makore uye zviitiko zvakatora hupenyu hwezviuru zvevanhu, zvinofanira kushanda sechidzidzo kuvanhu, sezvo kunyange muupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ano zvakakosha kwete kungoziva chete, asiwo kutsigira rugare rwakadaro rusina simba munyika yose nesimba rose.