Hondo yeGulustan yakaguma rini?

Nhoroondo yeCaucasus yakazara muzviitiko zvinotyisa uye kushamiswa kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kweArabhu-Iranian, chinangwa chayo chaive kubatwa kwemaitiro ematunhu aya akareba. Akange akapfekedzwa korona nechisimbiso cheGulustan rugare, chibvumirano chakaitwa pakati pehurumende yeRussia nePersia (Iran) muna 1813. Akatanga nguva itsva muhupenyu hwevanhu veCaucasian uye kwemakore mazhinji akadziponesa kubva kune kupindirana nevavakidzani vane utsinye.

Nhare dzeRussia paTerek River

Kuti anzwisise zvakakwana kukosha kwekuti nyika yeGulistan yaiva (1813), mumwe munhu anofanira kutendeukira kune zvakaitika uye aongorore kusingaperi kwematambudziko eIran neTurkey kunharaunda yeCaucasus. Yakatanga muzana remakore rechi16, apo muRussia, mushure mekusvika kweAstrakhan neKazanates khanates, hurongwa hwekuumbwa kwenyika yakasimwa hwakapedzwa.

Pasinei nematambudziko ose epanguva iyo, muna 1567, Tsar Ivan the Terrible akawana mukana wekuvaka paTerek masvingo akawanda akavhara nzira kune vaTurkey nePezhiya vanokunda. Ichi chaiva kutanga kwekugadzirisa hukama hwehukama pakati peRussia nevanhu veCaucasus, chimwe chekubatanidza kwacho kwaive kuve norugare rweGulustan rwakasaina mazana maviri nehafu gare gare.

Zvichakadaro, kuvakwa kwenhare paTerek yaiva chikonzero chekukakavadzana kwakamuka pakati peRussia, Iran uye kunyanya Turkey, iyo yakaronga kuparadzira kuwedzera kwayo muNorth Caucasus yose. Russia, zvakare, yaifarirawo kusimbisa nzvimbo dzayo munharaunda inokosha yakakosha, uye yakaramba ichiratidza kukanganisa mauto eOttoman.

Dare rekukumbira rubatsiro kumuvakidzani wokumusoro

Mumakore ekuma1800 akazotevera, kukakavadzana kwakawedzerwa mberi, semugumisiro wekukwikwidza kwakasimba pakati peIrisi neTurkey, iyo yakaedza kukwezva vana khans kumativi avo uye nokudaro kuisa pokutanga.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vanhu veCaucasus, uye kunyanya Dagestanis, vaiva nenguva yakaoma kwazvo, uye vakaramba vachikumbira kuvakuru veRussia munguva yezana remakore rechi18 ne19 kuti vauye kuzobatsira. Mune ramangwana izvi zvakashanda sechikonzero, nekuda kwekuti rugare rweGulustan rwakasayirwa.

Chinangwa chevatongi vokuCaucasus pasi petsvimbo yeRussia tsars

Kuenderera mberi kubva kune zvido zvevagari veDagestan, muvambi weRomanov Dynasty, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, mushure megore mushure mekunge asunungurwa pachigaro choumambo, akabvuma kutonga kweRussia yeAvar, Erpilin, Kazikumukh uye Kumyk khans pamwe nenharaunda dzavo.

Gare gare, munguva yose yezana remakore rechigumi nemana, mamwe mavhesi mazhinji akazotevera muenzaniso wavo, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekuwedzera kusimbiswa kwemaRussia muCaucasus. Vose vatongi vemunharaunda vakazvidira muhutsvimbo hweMoscow Tsar, vakafunga kuti vaifanira kuchengetedza vatengesi veRussia, uye kuwedzera mauto ehondo nguva dzose nevakwegura vavo. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, zvakagamuchirwa kubva pahupfumi hwehupfumi, zvisinei kuti dzakadzingwa.

Turki chisimba pasi pekufungidzira kwehondo yechitendero

Rugare rwakagadzirirwa muCaucasus rwakave rwakave rwapera. Yatova muzana remakore rechi18 rinotevera, Turkey, iro rakaita zviito zvaro, rakaunza kukakavara. Panguva ino, chikonzero chekuwedzera kwaivepo, maererano nekutaura kwevatongi vayo, kutora kwevanhu vanoverengeka veCaucasian, uye kunyanya vagari veDagestan, kubva mutemo weSharia. Achivazivisa hondo yakachena ye jihad, veTurks vakatanga kurwisana pachena.

Zvechokwadi, nekutanga kwekushanda kwehondo kushingaira, Turkey yakasundirwa nekuderera kweIrish (Persia) yakacherechedza panguva iyoyo, iyo yaiva mugumisiro wehupenyu hwehupfumi huripo mairi. Sezvo nyika iyi yaifungidzirwa neIstanbul semakwikwidziro ayo, nguva ino yakaita sultan iyo yakanakisisa zvikuru yekadhiinisi yekugadzirisa kwepakavhiringidzi.

Nharo dzenharaunda dzezana remakore re XVIII

Zvisinei, zvirongwa zveGurati Rakafananidzira (rinowanzozivikanwa kuti Turkey) rakadzivirirwa neRussia imwechete, yakatungamirirwa naPeter I. Nokuita Caspian mushandirapamwe muna 1722 uye kugumisa chibvumirano cherugare nePersia, akabatanidza Baku, Derbent, Rasht, Uyewo nhamba yemapurovhinzi akaitwa neTurkey.

Panguva imwecheteyo mutongi akabvuma kuva vagari venyika dzakawanda Dagestani feudal madzishe. Kunyange pasinei nokuti maOttomans akakwanisa kuparadza Armenia, Georgia uye chikamu chikuru cheAzerbaijan, Sultan yakamanikidzwa kuziva kodzero dzeRussia dzekuwana iyo munzvimbo yeCaspian. Zvisinei, iyo yakapedzisa zvibvumirano zvemitemo yakange isingagoni kupedza hondo dzisingaperi dzakatora Caucasus muzana remakore rechi18.

Kuiswa kwesungano yorugare neTurkey

Kusiyana nekuti muzana remakore rokutanga remakore rechi19 rose reDagestan uye chikamu chekumabvazuva kweGeorgia chakanga chiri pasi pemutongi weRussia tsars, vose veTurkey neIranians vakagadzirisa zviito zvavo, vachida kushandisa zvisiri izvo Russia yakanga iri kutarisana panguva iyoyo.

Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose, vamiririri vezvematongerwo enyika eAlexandro I muna 1812 vakakwanisa kugumisa chibvumirano chorugare neUtoman Empire, iyo yakaisa kuguma kwehondo yeRussia-Turkish, iyo yakatora kwemakore matanhatu apfuura. Kuiswa kwechirongwa ichi kwechinguva kwakaita kuti vaTurks vasiye mabasa anoshingaira muCaucasus. Yakaramba ichigadzirisa nyaya dzose nePersia (Iran), uye nyaya yakadaro yakakurumidza kuonekwa.

Sungano yakasayirwa muGulustan

Gore rakatevera rakapera hondo yeRussia nePezhiya, iyo yakatora kwemakore mapfumbamwe apfuura, umo maPersia akatambura kukundwa kukuru, uye mutungamiri wavo mukuru, mugari wenhaka pachigaro cheushe, haana kupukunyuka kutapwa. Migumisiro yakashata yakadai yehondo yakashata yakarambidza vose vagari vomunyika uye vatongi vanotonga.

Somugumisiro, vamiriri veRussia vakapiwa mukana wekupedza Gulustan mutano wenyika (1813) pamashoko akanaka eMoscow. Russia yakasaina rugwaro urwu neIran musi waSeptember 12 mumusha muduku weGarabagh weGulistan, iyo yakapa zita racho uye yakabva yapinda munhau.

Basa remurevereri muhurukuro rakagadzirwa nemumiriri weBritish Sir Horus Ousli. Kune rumwe rutivi rweRussia, nyika yeGulistan, iyo mazita ayo akaumbwa munyaya 11, yakasayirwa naLieutenant-General N. Rtishchev, uye kubva kuPersia imwe - naAbul-Hasan Khan.

Chibvumirano chacho chakakwaziswa nemufaro nevanhu vose veCaucasus. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo mauto ehondo akambotanga akakonzera zvakanyanya urombo hwavo, iyo yakadzorerwa neGulustan mutano wenyika. Dzokorora muchidimbu chinangwa chayo chinogona kuva, kutarisa pane zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvirimo.

Chii chakaunza naye chibvumirano chinotevera nePersia

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakagadzirirwa kuguma kwehutsinye pamwe nekugadzikana kwerugare pakati peRussia nePersia. Uyezve, gwaro racho rakanyatsoratidza mitsara yakaparadzanisa mativi maviri akamborwisana kare, uye nzvimbo dzakanyorwa dzakanga dzaenda kuMambo weRussia, kusanganisira Abkhazia, Imeretia, Kakheti, Dagestan, Guria, Megrelia, Kartli, uye chikamu chikuru chemazuva ano Azerbaijan. Uyezve, kuRussia, kusayina runyararo rweGulustan, rakatora mutoro wekupa rubatsiro rwepasi rose kuPersia.

Mukuwedzera, chibvumirano chakasvika chakakonzerwa nekodzero yepato rimwe nerimwe kusunungura kufamba mumvura yose yeGungwa reCaspian nekuchinjana kwevasungwa vakatorwa munguva yehondo yekupedzisira. Munharaunda yekuwedzera hukama huri pakati peRussia nePersian state, mamiriro ehurumende nevashumiri zvakanyatsotsanangurwa.

Kutanga mitemo yepamutemo mumunda wekutengeserana

Pamashoko gumi nerimwe edzibvumirano, zvitatu zvaive mitemo yebhizimisi pakati penyika mbiri, zvakare yakabatanidzwa muchibvumirano cheGulustan. Nheyo dzechibvumirano chakagoverwa rusununguko rwekutengeserana kwevatengesi vevatengesi vemapato maviri ari munharaunda yezvikamu zviviri. Mukuwedzera, ivhu remabasa akashandiswa rakagadzirirwa, uyewo nyaya dzine chokuita nekutengeserana kunze kwenyika.

Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti rugare rweGulustan rwakanyatsojeka uye rwakanyatsosimbiswa mitemo yepamutemo yakatitendera kuti titarisire kukurumidza kukurumidza kwebhizimisi pakati pematunhu maviri, chaizvoizvo yakauya nekunonoka kwakanyanya, chikonzero chaicho chakanga chiri kuchetedza kwekutonga.

Pamusana pemhosva yevakuru vakuru veRussia, pamitambo yeAstrakhan neBaku kwemamwe makore mashanu, basa rakabhadharwa kwenguva refu isingashandisi "Imba Yakatambidzwa ya1755" uye zvinoreva kubhadhara chikamu che 23% chemari yezvinhu zvakatengeswa.

Migumisiro yemhedziso yeGulustan Treaty

Mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino aive akajairika mushure mokunge Gulustan chibvumirano chorugare chakasimbiswa mumutemo muna 1815. Izvo zvinyorwa zvishoma zvakanyorwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura zvechikamu chacho zvakagadzira hurongwa hwepamutemo hwekugadzirisa ukama hune rugare, izvo zvakaguma zvaita kuti kuve nekushanduka kwakanaka mune zvematengesi. Somugumisiro, hupfumi hwose hwakakunda.

Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti rugare rweGulistan rwakagumiswa zvikuru nechinangwa chekusimudzira hukama pakati peRussia nePersia, yakave nemigumisiro yakawanda, zvose zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka. Kune rumwe rutivi, akanunura vanhu veTranscaucasia kubva mumatende ePersia neTurkey vanoparadza, vakabatanidzwa mukupedza kwemazana emakore-ezvo kusagadzikana kwemazana emakore uye kusimudzika kwehupfumi, uye naizvozvo, muitiro wekurarama kune imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, kuwirirana pakati peRussia nevanhu veCaucasus yakakonzerwa navo kazhinji kwakakonzera kukakavara pakati pavo pamadzinza uye mune zvechitendero.

Hondo itsva uye chibvumirano chinotevera chorugare

Uyezve, nyika yakasimbiswa semugumisiro wekupedzisira kweGirist Treaty yakaratidza kuva isina simba. Iko kare muna 1826 Persia, inokurudzirwa neBritain, ichiputsa chibvumirano chakaitwa pakutanga, yakabudisa hondo itsva yeRussia nePezhiya, iyo yakatora makore maviri uye yakaguma neyo inotevera.

Apo pfuti dzakanyarara, uye chirongwa chakapfuura kubva kumasoja kuenda kune vamiririri, sungano yorugare yakasayirwa, inonzi Turkmanchay. Maererano nemashoko ake, Russia yakachengetedza nharaunda dzose dzakanga dzauya kwaari semugumisiro weGivistan Agreement, yakasayirwa makore 13 apfuura. Uyezve, yakagamuchirwa pasi pesimba rayo Nakhchivan naErivan khanates, pamwe nenharaunda yeEastern Armenia. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mumwe mudetembi wokuRussia anonyanya kukoshesa, playwright uye diplomatrice Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov akabatanidzwa mukushanda nemagariro esungano iyi.