Uzivi China yekare: uone uye anodzidzisa. Uzivi India yekare uye China

We chipiriso muuzivi China yekare, pfupiso. Chinese Uzivi ine nhoroondo iyo kunosvika zviuru makore anoverengeka shure. mavambo ayo runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo Bhuku Changes, imwe compendium wekare chokuuka, kufambidzana shure 2800 BC, apo vakapiwa mamwe chinokosha zvokudya vokuChina uzivi. Age of Chinese uzivi zvinogona vanofungidzirwa chete nehasha (ruva raro rokutanga, kazhinji nezvavo savakuru 6 remakore BC), sezvo Mikoko shure Tsika dzevatungamiriri neolithic. Munyaya ino unogona kuwana zvinhu muuzivi China yekare, muchidimbu kuzivana dzinokosha zvikoro uye zvikoro.

Pfungwa muuzivi East yekare (China) kwemazana emakore akaisa rinoshanda hanya murume uye vanhu, mibvunzo pamusoro sei kuronga upenyu munharaunda, kurarama upenyu hwakakwana. Ethics uye uzivi enyika kakawanda yokutanga pamusoro metaphysics uye epistemology. Chimwe chiri Chinese uzivi vave vachifunga pamusoro pezvakaita uye chitupa, izvo zvakazoita kuti kukura dingindira kubatana womunhu uye Heaven, musoro nzvimbo yomunhu ari pezvakasikwa.

zvikoro Four pfungwa

Four zvikoro zvikuru nesimba repfungwa yakabuda munzvimbo chaiwo nguva Chinese nhoroondo, rwakatanga munenge 500 BC Vaiva chiConfucian, Daoism (kazhinji nesipereti se "chiTao"), monism uye yemitemo. Apo China rakabatanidzwa ainzi Qin imba muna 222 BC, yemitemo rakagamuchirwa sezvo mukuru uzivi. Madzimambo mukupera Han youmambo (206 BC - 222 AD) akatora chiTao, uye gare gare, kumativi 100 BC - chiConfucian. zvikoro izvi zvaiva nechepakati kukudziri- Chinese pfungwa kusvikira remakore rechi20. WechiBuddha uzivi kuti yakabuda munzvimbo 1st remakore BC, zvinowanzodavirwa kunyenga 6 remakore (kunyanya panguva yaitonga ari Tang dzinza).

Munguva kwemaindasitiri kwedu nguva muuzivi East yekare (China) yawedzera kuti kusanganisa pfungwa ingabvutirwe wokumavirira uzivi, raiva danho kune mazuvaano. Mukutonga Mao kuti Marxism, Stalinism, uye dzimwe pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe vakava kwakapararira munyika yakaoma China. Hong Kong uye muTaiwan akararamazve kufarira Confucian pfungwa. Hurumende kuitika vanhu Republic of China inotsigira dzematongerwe enyika musika gutsaruzhinji. Uzivi Ancient China akapfupikisa pazasi.

mangwanani zvinotendwa

At pakutanga Shang youmambo vafunga kwaibva pfungwa dzokororo, zvinobva zvakananga akataura zvakasikwa: shanduko masikati nousiku, kuchinja misi à uye kushaya mwedzi. Pfungwa iyi yakaramba akakodzera yose Chinese kare. Paitonga Shang wematambudziko aigona kushandisa zvikuru mwari Shang Di, akashandurirwa Russian - ". Mwari Wemasimbaose" Kunamata Madzitateguru akanga aripo, sezvo vaiva zvibayiro zvemhuka uye vanhu.

Apo Shang youmambo yakanga rinoputswa Zhou youmambo, paiva enyika, zvechitendero uye zvitsva dzouzivi yokuti "wokureva Wedenga". Maererano naye, kana mutongi asingadi anoenderana ayo nzvimbo, anogona richaparadzwa uye ne mumwe, nani. Archaeological Kucherwa kuti nguva anoratidza kuwedzera kuverenga uye haasaruri kushaya kubva pakudavira Shang Di. The Chitendero wemadzitateguru vakava zvakajairika, sezvo vanhu akatonyanya rokunyika.

zvikoro zana

Around 500 BCE, pashure Zhou mamiriro simba, kwakauya zimbabwe nguva Chinese uzivi (potse panguva iyoyo paivawo Vazivi vokutanga Greek). Nguva iyi inonzi Zana Schools. Zvakawanda zvikoro nheyo panguva ino, uye panguva inotevera nguva dzairwisana States, vana zvikuru vaiva chiConfucian, chiTao, pamurairo uye moizm. Panguva ino, zvinonzi vakatenda kuna Kofutsy akanyora "mapapiro gumi" uye nhevedzano kutaura pamusoro I Ching.

Imperial panguva

The muvambi pfupi-akararama ainzi Qin youmambo (221-206 BC) dzibatane China pasi pesimba mambo uye yakasimbiswa yemitemo sezvo mukuru uzivi. Li Xi, muvambi revateveri vemutemo uye chanzera pakati mambo rokutanga ainzi Qin youmambo ainzi Qin Shi Huang, akamukumbira kuti kudzvinyirira rusununguko kutaura vakadzidza kuunza pamwe chete pfungwa uye enyika zvitendero nokupisira ose chaiwo mabasa uzivi, nhoroondo uye nhetembo. mabhuku chikoro Li Xi chete vaifanira kubvumirwa. Pashure akanga anyengerwa masayendisiti maviri, amuvimbisa upenyu refu, ainzi Qin Shi Huang akaviga mupenyu 460 nyanzvi. Yemitemo kuramba nawo sokuvapo madzimambo mukupera Han youmambo (206 BC - 222 AD) haana kugamuchira chiTao, uye gare gare, kumativi 100 BC, - chiConfucia sezvo dzidziso pamutemo. Zvisinei, chiTao, uye chiConfucia havana yairwirwa mauto Chinese pfungwa kusvikira remakore rechi20. Muzana 6th remakore (kunyanya munguva yokutonga of Tang dzinza roumambo) hwechiBhudha kwave kwose kuzivikanwa, kunyanya nokuda kufanana ne chiTao. Ndizvo panguva yakanga muuzivi China yekare, akapfupikisa pamusoro.

chiConfucian

ChiConfucian - the seboka dzidziso somuzivi Confucius, uyo akararama mumakore 551-479. BC

Uzivi Ancient China, konfutsianstvo zvishoma kunogona achimiririrwa sezvinotevera. Zviri kunzwisisa gadziriro yetsika, zvemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvechitendero kufunga, izvo vanofurirwa zvakasimba nhoroondo Chinese budiriro. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti chiConfucian aiva chitendero Imperial China mamiriro. pfungwa Confucian zvinoratidzwa tsika China. Mencius (zana remakore 4th BC) aidavira kuti murume ane chiremera hunofanira kukudziridzwa kuti ave "akanaka". Sun Tszy akaona zvisikwa dzevanhu sezvo nomuzvarirwo zvakaipa, asi kuti kuburikidza kuzvidzora uye kuzvipira kugadziriswa dzikwanise chakanaka.

Confucius haana kuda kuwana chitendero chitsva, iye chete aida kududzira uye ndimutsidzire Asina chitendero Zhou imba. The hurongwa kutonga chitendero vekare vakaneta pacharo: Nei vanamwari kubvumira nezvinetso zvamagariro uye kusaruramisira? Asi kana asina mweya mhando uye hunhu, chii chinoita kuti mudanga, yunifomu hunogara evanhu? Confucius aidavira kuti ichi ndicho chinoita kuti inzwi mutemo, chinozoiswa Zvisinei, Zhou chitendero, tsika dzayo. Haana kududzira tsika idzi sezvibayiro kuna vanamwari, asi somunhu mhemberero kuti embody ari yakabudirira uye tsika mapatani mufambiro. Ivo mudzidziso nokuti iye chokuita chinoumba vokuChina. Shoko rokuti "tsika" zvaisanganisira pasocial tsika - wokuremekedza uye akagamuchira dzemunharaunda mufambiro - chii isu zvino kudaidza nokuzvibata. Confucius aidavira kuti chete wenzanga yakabudirira anogona igadzikane uye vafuke muitiro. Uzivi China yekare, zvikoro uye nekutevera dzidziso dzakawanda yatorwa chiConfucian.

chiTao

ChiTao - ndiko:

1) chikoro pfungwa, inobva magwaro ari Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu) uye Zhuangzi;

2) Chinese zvavo chitendero.

"Tao" rinoreva "nzira", asi chitendero uye muuzivi China ndiro shoko akatora kupfuura husingaoneki zvaanoreva. Uzivi China yekare, tsananguro pfupi iyo chinopiwa munyaya ino, ndakanga ndadzidza zvakawanda pfungwa iyi husingaoneki uye zvinoita nyore yokuti "nzira".

Yin uye Yang uye zvinhu zvishanu dzidziso

Hazvizivikanwi apo pfungwa zviga maviri Yin uye Yang, zvichida akabva munguva yekare Chinese uzivi. Yin uye Yang - misimboti mbiri nopindirana ane kudyidzana akaumba tisaone zviitiko zvose uye kuchinja nzvimbo. Yang - zvinoshingaira musimboti, uye Yin - pusa. Zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai masikati nousiku, chiedza uye rima, basa uye passivity, rume uye zvechikadzi, uye vamwe vari kupangidza Yin uye Yang. Pamwe chete, zvinhu izvi zviviri vanoumba kuwirirana uye pfungwa maererano zvinoshanda mushonga, unyanzvi, zvombo, uye upenyu evanhu pamusoro China. Uzivi China yekare, chikoro repfungwa kunge woga pfungwa.

Yin-Yang pfungwa runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo dzidziso zvinhu zvishanu, rinotsanangura dzinongoitika uye magariro mananara pamusana ibatanidzo shanu zvinokosha kana nzvimbo nevasori: huni, moto, nyika, simbi uye mvura. Uzivi China yekare (muchidimbu hunotaurwa chinhu chinokosha munyaya ino) hazvo kunosanganisira pfungwa.

yemitemo

Yemitemo anotora midzi muna pfungwa Chinese muzivi Xun ZI (310-237 BC.), Ndianiko akatenda kuti mitemo yetsika inodiwa kudzora zvakaipa zvinodiwa nomunhu. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Vakava pfungwa iyi imwe pragmatic pevatongi Uzivi enyika inobva papfungwa yokuti munhu anoda kuzorangwa uye kuti vawane azvipfumise, sezvo vanhu pachisikirwo udyire uye zvakaipa. Saka, kana vanhu vanotanga kushandisa nomwoyo wavo dzinongoitika achimupa zvichakutungamirira muhondo uye zvinetso zvenzanga. Mutongi anofanira kuramba simba ravo achibatsirwa zvitatu zvinoti:

1) murayiro kana musimboti;

2) nzira, zano, unyanzvi;

3) The Mvumo, simba, aikwanisa.

Mutemo vanofanira kuranga zvakaomarara vatadzi uye mubayiro vaya vaifanira. Yemitemo akasarudzwa kuti muuzivi ainzi Qin youmambo (221-206 BC.), The yokutanga yakabatana China. Kusiyana nzwisisa mhirizhonga chiTao uye chiConfucian, yemitemo kunaka anofungisisa zvinodiwa kuti kunokosha kupfuura vamwe. Political dzidziso muhurukuro utsinye nguva remakore rechina BC.

Pamutemo vaidavira kuti hurumende rirege kunyengedzwa vaizviita haungambofari zvinangwa zve "tsika," uye "vanhu." Mukuona kwavo, unoedza kuvandudza upenyu munyika kuburikidza nedzidzo uye zvetsika zvine mitemo vari hachizobudiriri. Asi, vanhu vanoda hurumende simba uye wemaoresa mitemo, uyewo mapurisa simba, iyo zvaizoda munhu zvakaoma uye kusasarura zvaidiwa mitemo uye kuranga vatadzi zvakanyanya. The muvambi ainzi Qin youmambo, pamusoro pevatongi misimboti aya dzaitarisira, vachifunga kuti kutonga chigaro chake ichagara nokusingaperi.

chiBhudha

Uzivi India yekare uye China vane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Kunyange chiBhudha dzakatangira India, zvakanga zvikuru muna China. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiBhudha akaonekwa China panguva Han hwedzinza. makore anenge mazana matatu gare gare, munguva yokutonga of Eastern Jin youmambo (317-420 gg.), Akasangana kuputika kukurumbira. Mumakore aya makore mazana matatu, vatsigiri chiBuddha dzaiwanzova vatsva, vanhu anongofamba vanhu kubva kumadokero nharaunda uye Central Asia.

Mupfungwa, chiBhudha haasati vakagamuchirwa mu China. Kanenge, kwete muchimiro evasingatombonamati Indian. Uzivi India yekare uye China achine zvakawanda kusiyana. Legends azere nyaya maIndia, vakadai Bodhidharma, uyo akasima siyana chiBuddha muna China, asi hapana panotaurwa navo pekusadziviririka kuchinja, riri pasi dzidziso kana uchifamba pamusoro yokumwe, kunyanya zvakadaro mupfumi, sei China aiva panguva iyoyo kuremekedzwa pfungwa youzivi.

Zvimwe zvaidiwa Indian chiBuddha vaiva isinganzwisisiki inoshanda Chinese pfungwa. With netsika yaro yekuti kufara, nhaka kubva yechiHindu pfungwa, Indian chiBhudha anogona kutora nyore chimiro chokunyora remuneration inopiwa nokufungisisa (nokufungisisa zvino, ndisvike Nirvana gare gare).

The Chinese, pasi zvakasimba tsika, anokurudzira kubishaira uye kugutsikana zvinodiwa zvinokosha, asingagoni kugamuchira izvi uye zvimwe tsika yaiita shamisa uye hachibatsiri upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Asi kuva dzinobatsira vanhu, vazhinji vavo vakaona uye dzimwe pfungwa dzakanaka chiBuddha pamusoro vose murume uye nzanga.

War of Machinda Vasere - yevagari hondo pakati pamachinda uye madzimambo Jin youmambo munguva 291 306 makore, umo anongofamba vanhu kuchamhembe China, kubva muManchuria kumabvazuva kuMongolia, hombe nhamba kuve rakaiswa panhengo mari mauto ..

Around imwe nguva, padanho netsika China enyika shoma chaizvo azopora dzidziso Lao Tzu uye Chuang Tzu, zvishoma nezvishoma kujairana wechiBuddha pfungwa. ChiBuddha, yakabuda India, muna China akatora akasiyana chaizvo maonero. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Indian muzivi, kupfuura simba dzechiBuddha anofunga mushure Gautama Buddha pachake. mupiro Its chikuru kuti hwechiBhudha kwaiva kutanga pfungwa sunyata (kana "voids") somunhu ichocho muBhudha dzisiri gnoseology uye phenomenology. Pashure importing kuna China Sunyata pfungwa aichinjwa "Yakanga Isina" kuti "Pane aripo" pasi pokudzora zvetsika Chinese vakafunga Lao Tzu uye Chuang Tzu.

moizm

Uzivi yekare China (zvishoma) moizm yakavakirwa Mauzy nomuzivi (470-390 BC.) Ndiani vakabatsira kuparadzira pfungwa yezvisikwa rudo, kuenzana rezvisikwa zvose. Mauzy aidavira kuti chinyakare pfungwa iri pamakakatanwa, kuti vanhu vanoda kutungamirirwa yokusarudza tsika zvinogamuchirika. In netsika moizm hakubvi pakutsvaga netsika, zvingangoita correlated pamwe utilitarianism, muchirwira zvakanaka nhamba mukurusa. In moizm aidavira kuti hurumende - chombo kuti ivatungamirire kwakadaro uye kusimudzira uye kukurudzira munzanga nemaitiro kubatsirwa chikuru nhamba yevanhu. Activities zvakadai sokuimba nokutamba, vaionekwa kutambisa zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa kupa vanhu zvokudya uye pokugara. Mohists akasika zvikuru yakarongwa enyika Chimiro chavo uye akararama zvine mwero, kutungamirira munhu anozviramba upenyu, kuita zvinangwa zvake. Vaiva pamusoro chero utsinye uye kuti vatende Mwari simba kudenga (Tiến), izvo anotsiva unzenza.

Chawakadzidza kuti chinomiririra muuzivi China yekare (pfupiso). Nokuti kunzwisisa zvizere hunoratidza kunyatsotevera kuzivana mumwe chikoro yoga. Features vekare Chinese uzivi muchidimbu pamusoro apa. Tinovimba kuti izvi zvinhu yakabatsira kunzwisisa pfungwa huru uye akaratidza kuti unoshanda kwamuri.