Spengler, "The Decline muEurope": pfupiso. Spengler, "Decline of West" nechitsauko

Oswald Spengler aiva akakurumbira wenhoroondo German uye muzivi ane unyanzvi uye unyanzvi akafukidza masvomhu, sayenzi, unyanzvi uye mumhanzi dzidziso. Huru uye chinokosha basa Spengler vaiona mavhoriyamu maviri "The Decline muEurope", mamwe mabasa ake akanga asina nevakawanda kunze Germany.

Nechipiriso pazasi nyaya chinotaura wokushinga uye dzichipesana basa enhoroondo nouzivi vanotongwa, inova "Decline of West." Pfupiso yebhuku Spengler akatsanangura mumashoko okutanga akanyorwa naye. Zvisinei, mapeji mashomanana hazvibviri anobvumawo yose siyana pfungwa nemashoko, izvo chaizvo munhoroondo yemazuva ano.

Oswald Spengler

Spengler akararama kuburikidza First World War, izvo zvikuru maonero ake kwouzivi uye kuzoumba dzidziso yake pave netsika uye mararamiro. The War World First kwakatungamirira adzokorore uye pamwe nyorazve vhoriyamu rechipiri huru basa, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga akatopera Spengler - "The Decline kweEurope". Pfupiso mbiri mavhoriyumu bhuku rakanyorwa naye okusuma rechipiri edition, inoratidza sei pamwero mukuru zviito zvechiuto uye migumisiro yazvo zvakakanganisa kukura Spengler pfungwa.

Zvakazoitwa mabasa muzivi vakaomerera mitemo, kunyanya nationalist uye mugovanisi zvinangwa.

Pashure kuuya simba muGermany, asi National Socialist Party pakati Hitler, vaNazi vaiona Spengler mumwe vatsigiri uye vatsigiri yakakura dzidziso. Zvisinei, haizopereri shanduka webato uye zvechiuto pfungwa zvakatungamirira Spengler kupokana, asiwo muGermany remangwana kwete chete vaNazi. Muna 1933, bhuku rake "Kuita Time" (kana "Makore Resoluciones"), tichitsoropodza Nazi dzematongerwe uye dzidziso kwemarudzi ukuru, rakabviswa mapepanhau zvachose.

"Decline of West"

Wokutanga basa yakazvimirira wenhoroondo uye muzivi Oscar Spengler ndiyo akakurumbira, simba uye vakakurukura basa rake.

Kunzwisisa kusiyana netsika nokuzivikanwa ndechimwe chikuru yemisoro basa, akashanda ari izvo kwemakore anopfuura mashanu, Oswald Spengler, - "The Decline kweEurope". Pfupiso bhuku maviri mavhoriyumu, uye munyori akanyora sumo chinyorwa chepiri kuchakubatsira kubata pamwe zvakaoma nekutaura misoro dzidziso Spengler.

A maviri mavhoriyumu bhuku anobata pamusoro madingindira zhinji uye anopa mhedziso rethinking sei nyaya kunonzwisiswa munyika nhasi. Maererano inokosha dzidziso zvakaipa kunzwisisa kukura yose nemaonero nhoroondo Europe, achibatanidzwawo munguva yekare, Ages uye itsva zera. Eurocentric chikero eras havagoni zvakanaka kutsanangura chidzoke uye inotungamirwa dzakawanda Eastern.

Spengler, "The Decline kweEurope". Pfupiso misoro. Volume One

Pakarepo shure bhuku rinonzi rave zvakashamisa vanhu njere muGermany. Chimwe chezvinhu itsva nokudenha basa kuti inopa nharo yakaoma kusvika kune kukura dzidziso netsika, iro akagadzira pedyo Oswald Spengler, - "The Decline kweEurope". Pfupiso dzidziso, chikamu yemunyori okutanga ari anenge zvachose nezvezvaiitwawo Chiitiko ari maonero zvenhoroondo tichitarisa Morphology, kureva kuerera uye kuchinja.

"Decline dzeEurope" ine mavhoriyamu maviri. Yokutanga inonzi "Form uye Reality" (kana "Image uye Reality") uye ine zvitsauko zvitanhatu, wakaiswa nheyo dzidziso Spengler. The chitsauko chokutanga chinotarisa masvomhu, nhamba, uye omumwe sei pfungwa miganhu uye kusaverengeka kukanganisa maonero nhoroondo uye tsika.

"The chimiro uye chokwadi" kwete chete anovaka hwaro dzinonetsa kuongorora yazvino nokudzidza nhoroondo, asi anopawo itsva muchimiro maonero. Maererano Spengler, tsika yekare yayo maonero nesayenzi uchiumba "naturalization" nhoroondo. Nemhaka zivo yekare nyika kuburikidza mitemo nemirayiro Greek, nyaya rava sainzi, chii Spengler zvakasimba havabvumirani.

Muzivi anotirayira kuti kare zvinofanira kutorwa, "analoginen", kureva kuti pfungwa kwete chii watopiwa kusikwa, asi chii chiri kuitika uye zvaakasikwa. Ndokusaka pamasvomhu basa rakadaro basa rinokosha basa. Spengler anotenda kuti pamwe veMubatanidzwa pfungwa miganhu uye kusaverengeka murume akanzwa kukosha zvakajeka yemichindwe uye ezvirevo.

"Decline of West", pfupiso zvitsauko. Volume maviri

1. History inofanira kuonekwa morphologically.
2. European tsika nemagariro rwakamuita kubva nguva kukura (tsika) Munguva kuora (Civilization).

Ndicho ichi uye kune huru mbiri huru, iyo vavhiringidzika venguva yake Oswald Spengler. "Decline of West" (sumo, pfupiso basa uye nyaya dzinonetsa Nhoroondo nyaya raireva kumusoro zvichemo "repakona" Spengler pfungwa) - bhuku kuti akatendeuka zvikuru mupfungwa nevazivi.

Yechipiri anonzi "Tariro nhoroondo yenyika" (kana "Views pamusoro nhoroondo yenyika"); mairi munyori rinotsanangura zvakadzama dzidziso yake kukura mutsika dzakasiyana.

Maererano dzidziso matangiro uye kukura netsika, izvo zvaitwa nemutoo Munyori, chimwe nechimwe anomhanya yayo upenyu kutenderera rakafanana upenyu hwevanhu. netsika wese ane youduku, kuyaruka, kukura uye kuora. Mumwe ariko anoedza kuzadzikisa basa rayo.

yakakwirira Culture

Spengler dzinounzwa 8 zvirimwa zvikuru:

• Bhabheri;
• Egyptian;
• Indian;
• Chinese;
• American paavhareji (marudzi Maya uye Aztec);
• Classical (Greece uye Roma);
• Magi tsika (Arabic uye tsika dzechiJudha);
• European tsika.

In "Decline of West," zvirimwa shanu yokutanga kubva pfungwa posita, Spengler kukurudzirwa ne chokwadi kuti tsika iyi yakanga isina zvakananga nokurwisana uye saka havana kukanganisa pave European tsika, iyo, pachena, ndiro dingindira basa.

Spengler chinotarisa chekare uye Arab tsika, apo richiswedera kufanana pamwe European netsika yokuti munhu, chikonzero uye kuda simba.

Pfungwa huru uye mazwi

Kuoma kunzwisisa kuverenga "Decline of West" ndechokuti Spengler harisi chete anowanzoshandiswa mashoko kujairana mune zvakasiyana chechinyorwa, asi akasika itsva, zvinoreva izvo zvinenge zvisingaiti kutsanangura kunze akapoteredza nhoroondo muuzivi Spengler pfungwa.

Somuenzaniso, muzivi anoshandisa pfungwa mutsika uye budiriro (mubasa izvi nevamwe mashoko munyori nguva dzose anonyora tsamba guru), achisiyanisa mumwe nomumwe. In Nemuromo Spengler havasi zvakafanana, uye kusvika antonyms. Culture - ndiko kukura, budiriro, ndinonzvera Chinangwa uye Destiny, apo Civilization - ". Living kunze okupedzisira" kuderera, kudzikisirana uye Civilization - ndizvo zvakasara tsika kuti kubvumirwa vekambani kukunda okusika.

Chimwe peya zvinofanana-zvakasiyana pfungwa - ndizvo "zvakaitika" uye "zviri kuitika". For Spengler kuti dzidziso "achiva" ndiyo wekona. Maererano yayo inokosha pfungwa, nyaya anofanira kuisa kwete nhamba, chokwadi uye mitemo dzinorondedzera chii chakaitika, uye Morphology, kureva pane zviri kuitika panguva iyoyo.

Pseudomorphs - izwi rinotsanangura Spengler underdeveloped kana "varambe vari mugwara" tsika. Chinonyanya unoshamisa muenzaniso pseudomorphosis Russian nebudiriro, yakazvimirira kukura izvo rave yakapindira kushandurwa kuti European tsika, izvo kokutanga "waiita" naPetro I. Zvinonzi ichi chipingaidzo chisingadiwi mutsika dzavo Spengler rinotsanangura nezvavasingadi vanhu Russian kuti "kunze"; Sezvo muenzaniso nezvavasingadi uyu munyori anotaura echipiriso Moscow panguva kufambira mberi Napoleon.

munhoroondo

Spengler chikuru uchapupu nhoroondo iri kushaya kwakakwana uye kusingaperi chokwadi. Chinokosha, zviri nechinangwa nekusimba mutsika mumwe zvingava zvisina maturo kune mumwe. Izvi hazvirevi kuti chokwadi chiri kurutivi rimwe tsika; asi, anotaura kuti tsika ose ane chokwadi wayo.

Kuwedzera nehronologicheskogo kusvika kune maonero enyika, Spengler akasimudzira pfungwa yose kukosha dzimwe tsika uye kushaikwa pose simba nevamwe. Ndokusaka nomuzivi anoshandisa pfungwa mukuru tsika; zvinomirira tsika kuti kukanganiswa kukura kwenyika.

Culture uye Civilization

Maererano Spengler kwakaita dzidziso mukuru tsika rinova yoga muviri uye kunoratidzwa Kukura kusachinja-chinja, ukuwo "chinyakare" vari pedyo zvaisazogona uye nechido chikuru nyaradzo inozivikanwa.

Civilization anowedzera pasina chinhu chokuva of facto "rufu" ari tsika, asi munyori haaoni musoro mukana kusingagumi chinhu, saka budiriro - hakunzvengeki withering rinomira kukura tsika. Nepo huru chakanangana Culture - paumbwe uye kukura kwacho, Civilization inotaurawo zvakanaka makasimbiswa uye yakatobuda zvakasikwa.

Other inokosha Spengler ari ropafadzo vaviri ava ezvinhu ndiwo Mega-guta uye dunhu. Culture rinokura "kubva pasi" uye kwete kutsvaka boka ose duku guta, nharaunda kana dunhu iine nzira pachavo youpenyu uye kumhanya kukura, izvo pakupedzisira yaiva yakasiyana nhoroondo marongerwo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa iyi kuwedzera Italy High Renaissance apo Rome, Florence uye Venice dzimwe tsika nzvimbo zvaiva zvakasiyana. Civilization kunoratidzwa nechido uremu uye "sameness".

Races uye marudzi

Vaviri mazwi aya anoshandiswa Spengler mashoko akapoteredza, uye tsika dzavo zvakasiyana senguva. Race mu "Decline of West" - haasi pakugadzira kutsunga hunomusiyanisa nevamwe vanhu kwemarudzi, asi vanoziva kusarudza munhu kwenguva ya tsika dzayo. Saka, muna padariro inotungamirwa uye ikure tsika murume unoitisa mutauro, unyanzvi uye mumhanzi, anosarudza shamwari uye nzvimbo dzokugara, saka rinotsanangura zvose zviri munyika nhasi kunzi rusaruraganda kusiyana. Saka, tsika yokuti rudzi rwakasiyana kubva yakabudirira.

Pfungwa yokuti "rudzi" Spengler asingadi kufambidzana statehood, panyama uye enyika miganhu uye mutauro. In ake kwouzivi yokuti vanhu izvozvo zvinobva kubatana kwomudzimu, kubatanidza kuti vanhuwo chinangwa chisingazivi kutevera mubereko. The inokosha chakaita paumbwe vanhu havasi paruzhinji uye mavambo, uye munyika pfungwa kubatana, "usingakanganwiki nguva akararama kubatana."

Pfungwa runyararo uye Fate

Historical Kugadzirwa nechimwe chacho Culture zvinosanganisira fanira nhanho - Kutsunga mafungiro, uye ruzivo kwayo Destiny zvinangwa uye zvinenge Destiny. Maererano Spengler, tsika mumwe anoona nyika zvakasiyana uye vakazvipira chinangwa chayo. Chinangwa kuri kuzadziswa muupenyu hwake.

Kusiyana mijenya akatakurwa navanhu chinyakare mutsika, High pachavo kusarudza nzira yavo kuburikidza kukura uye inotungamirirwa. Spengler anoona njodzi European pose kupararira individualistic yetsika inovanza chido simba, uye nekusingaperi.

Mari Power

Maererano Spengler, gutsaruzhinji uye rusununguko vari chokuita zvikuru mari, inova huru motokari simba vakasununguka munzanga uye rakakura budiriro. Spengler anoramba kudana kukura ichi akaipa izwi (uori, kudzikisirana, degeneration), nokuti anofunga nayo dzinongoitika uye zvakakodzera mugumo hweruzhinji, uye kazhinji Civilization.

Muzivi anoti mari yakawanda iri kuwanikwa nevanhu, asi inopfuura zvakajeka hondo simba, zvombo izvo zvinenge zvose - zvematongerwo enyika, ruzivo, rusununguko, kodzero uye mitoro, nhungamiro wakanyatsojeka, uyewo dzidziso, chitendero, uye kunyange rudo.

Pasinei yakaderera kukurumbira zvoruzivo ano uye nhoroondo, chikuru chisikwa Spengler zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro vamwe vake nharo. Munyori anoshandisa ruzivo rwake yakawanda muminda siyana kupa vaifunga zvakakwana vatsigire pfungwa dzavo.

Hazvinei zvaunoda kuverenga - uye wakaatapudza shanduro rakapepetwa basa "Decline of West", pfupiso kana nyaya dzinonetsa pamusoro wake, vakashinga uye yakazvimirira kusvika pamusoro munyori kushandura maonero enyika kare uye tsika nemagariro asingakwanisi kuenda vaverengi hanya.