Tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 (muchidimbu)

Tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 inzvimbo inokosha mukusimudzirwa kwemweya uye tsika dzevanhu veRussia. Zvinoshamisa kuti hurukuro yekusika yakatora sei, zvakadzama zvayo uye hupfumi hwayo maitiro. Anopfuura hafu yezana remakore mutsika yematunhu yakwira kune imwe nhanho itsva: mitauro yakasiyana-siyana, yakawanda, yakasiyana.

Zvinyorwa zvekuberekwa uye kubudirira kwetsika ye "yezera regoridhe"

Kubudirira kwetsika dzeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 kwakange kune huwandu hwezvido zvenyika. Dzidzo yekubatsira vanhu, yakatanga pasi paCatherine Catherine II, yakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwekudzidzisa, kuvhura kwezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzidzisa uye nekuwedzera kwemikana yekuwana ruzivo rutsva.

Miganhu yenyika yakaparadzaniswa, munharaunda iyo inenge vanhu 165 vakasiyana-siyana vairarama netsika dzavo nemafungiro avo. Tsika dzevatungamiri vavo dzakaramba dzichiendeswa nevashambadziri vatsva uye mapiyona.

Hondo yeRussia neFrench ye1812 yakakonzera kugadzirwa kwekufunga nyika, tsika uye tsika dzevanhu veRussia. Iyo tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 yakakonzera kufarira kweruzivo rwekuzvidzivirira kwenyika rwakange rwakasimbiswa munharaunda.

Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika aripo munyika iyi haana kupa rusununguko rwakakwana rwekuzadzikisa kwemazano ose muhutano. Kuvhiringidzwa kweDecembrists uye mabasa emasangano akavanzika akamanikidza vatongi veRussia kudzivisa kupindira kwemafungiro akakwirira mune chero tsika dzese.

Sayenzi

Kuvandudzirwa kwekudzidzisa vanhu kwakaratidzwa mune tsika dzeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19. Nenguva pfupi inogona kunzi vaviri. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano matsva edzidziso akazarurwa, pane imwe, zviyero zvakasimba zvekudzivirira zvakatangwa, somuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvefilosofi zvakabviswa. Mukuwedzera, vunivhesiti nemitambo yevashandi vaigara vachichengetedzwa zvakasimba kweUnited Education.

Pasinei neizvi, tsika dzeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 dzinoratidzirwa nehope huru mukusimudzirwa kwesayenzi.

Biology uye Medicine

Yakagadzirwa nekutangira kwezana remakore rechi19, mashoko pamusoro pemhuka uye nyika yekurima yaida kubvunzurudza nekuvandudzirwa kwemashoko matsva. Izvi zvaisanganisira vaRussia vepachizvarwa cheKM. Baer, I.A. Dvigubsky, I.E. Dyadkovsky.

Iko kuunganidza zvakapfuma kwezvirimwa nemhuka kubva kumativi akasiyana epasi zvakakonzerwa. Uye muna 1812 Botanical Garden yakazarurwa muCrimea.

NI Ivanov akaita chikamu chakakura mukukura kwemishonga. Pies. Achitenda nebasa rake risina udyire, nyika yakadzidza basa rekuvhiyiwa kwenyika.

Geology uye Astronomy

Nekutanga kwezana remakore, geology yakamirira nguva yayo. Kubudirira kwaro kwakagamuchira nyika dzose dzeRussia.

Kubudirira kunokosha ndiko kuumbwa kwekutanga mapeji geological muRussia muna 1840. Uyu musayendisiti-muongorori NI. Koksharov.

Astronomy inoda kuverenga nekunyatsoongorora nekucherechedza. Zvakatora nguva refu. Iyo nzira yakanyatsogadziriswa apo muna 1839 Pulkovo Observatory yakagadzwa.

Mathematics uye Physics

Mumathematics, zviwanikwa zvepasi pose zvakaitwa. Saka, N.I. Lobachevsky akazivikanwa nokuda kwe "non-Euclidean geometry." P.L. Chebyshev akaruramisa mutemo wezvizhinji, uye M.V. Ostrogradsky yaibatanidzwa mukuongorora nekudenga yakagadzirwa.

Chikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi19 chinogona kunzi nguva yegoridhe yefizikiki, nokuti yekutanga yefoni yakashandiswa (PL Schilling) yakagadzirwa, mugumisiro wekujekesa magetsi (VV Petrov) yakagadzirwa, uye motokari yemagetsi (EH Lenz) yakaumbwa.

Architecture

Unyanzvi hwetsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 yakakonzera kufarira kukuru kwevanhu. Chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chekugadzirwa kwayo chaiva nekukurumidza kushanduka kwemavara, pamwe nekubatana kwavo.

Mumapurani kusvikira 1840s ichitonga chikoro. Ihwo hutongi hwemambo hunogona kuwanika mune zvivako zvakawanda zvemasuo makuru, uyewo nzvimbo dzakawanda dzenharaunda dzaiwanzova dzemapurovhinzi maguta.

Nenguva ino, kuvakwa kwekugadzira ensembles kunhu. Somuenzaniso, Theatre Square Moscow kana Senate muSt. Petersburg.

Vamiririri vese vemaitiro aya vakabereka tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19. Kuvakwa kwakaratidzwa mumabasa eA.D. Zakharova, K.I. Rossi, D.I. Gilyardi, O.I. Beauvais.

Umambo hwakatsiva chirevo cheRussia-Byzantine, umo Kereke yaKristu Muponesi yakavakwa, iyo Armory Chamber (muvakidzani KA Ton).

Painting

Nokuda kwenguva iyi, kupora kunoratidzwa nekufarira muhupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo. Vanyori vanoenda kure nemitauro yezvinyorwa zvebhaibheri uye zvinyorwa.

Chikoro chekugadzira mufananidzo chaimiririrwa naCarl Bryullov, uyo mumifananidzo yake yakaratidza ushingi, chiremera uye hukuru hwevanhuwo zvavo. Mabasa ake anozivikanwa ndeye The Last Day yaPompeii, The Horsewoman, The Self-Portrait, nezvimwe.

Chinhu chinotyisa chakawira mumufananidzo mukuru AA Ivanov, munyori webasa guru "Kuonekwa kwaKristu kune Vanhu." Pamusoro pazvo, akashanda makore anopfuura makumi maviri. Uye akafa, uye akanga asingazivi kuti kukunda kunoshamisa ichi chifananidzo chaiva nacho.

Nheyo yezvokwadi yakaisa PA Fedotov, uyo nemifananidzo yake yekunamata nemagariro evanhu akaita sarudzo munzanga. Munhu wose aiziva "Fresh Chevalier" kana "Kubata Matombo".

Mufananidzo

Tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 yakaitwa pasi pesimba rekupedzisira re 1812 neNapoleon. Yakagunzva mufananidzo. Chivako chakakurumbira kuMinin naPozharsky, chinomira paRed Square, muenzi weI.P. Martos akaonekwa mukati mehondo.

Kubudirira kweRussian monumental sculpture kungadai kusingabviri kunze kweF.F. Shchedrin, ane caryatids anoshongedza zvivako zveAdmiralty.

Pakati pevamwe vanyori vaikonzera panguva iyoyo vaiva I.I. Terebenev (Poltava Battle), V.I. Demut-Malinovsky, B.I. Orlovsky (chimiro chengirozi pane Alexander Column), nezvimwewo.

Mimhanzi

Tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 yakawana simba guru rehu heroi yapfuura. Mimhanzi yakatungamirirwa nemitambo yevanhu, pamwe chete nemitambo yenyika. Aya mazaya anoratidza opera "Ivan Susanin" K.A. Kavos, mabasa aA.A. Alyabyeva, A.E. Varlamov.

M.I. Glinka akatora nzvimbo huru pakati pevanyori. Akatora tsika itsva uye akawana marudzi asina kumboitika. Opera "Upenyu hweTar" hunojekesa zvakakwana basa rose remuimbi.

Chimiro cheRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 rakaberekera kune mumwe munyori akangwara uyo akabudisa rudzi rwemagariro epfungwa mumumhanzi. Iyi ndiyo A.S. Dargomyzhsky uye opera yake huru "Mermaid".

Theatre

Imitambo yeRussian yakazarura mafungiro, zvichida kusiya tsika dzetsika mumutauro weklassicism. Zvino kwaiva nemafungiro ezvakawanda, rudo rwemitambo.

Mumwe wevamiririri vakakurumbira vemutambo wenzvimbo yaiva PS. Mochalov, uyo akaita mabasa eHamlet naFerdinand (Shakespeare).

Reformer weRussia acting art Shchepkin aive mudunhu revaranda. Akapa mhedziso mitsva, nekuda kwekuti mabasa ake aikoshesa, uye Small Theatre Theatre yakazova nzvimbo yakakurumbira pakati pevataridzi.

Nzira yakakosha mumatambo yakagadzirwa nemabasa eAs. Pushkin, A.S. Griboyedov.

Literature

Matambudziko anokosha epakati pemagariro evanhu akaratidza tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19. Zvinyorwa zvakasimbisa ruzivo rwenyika, achitaura kune zvakaitika kare kare enyika. Muenzaniso weiyi ndiwo mabasa ekusika eNM. Karamzin.

Kukurukurirana mumabhuku aya kwaimiririrwa nemifananidzo yakajeka seA VA. Zhukovsky, A.I. Odoevsky, kutanga AS Pushkin. Chikamu chekupedzisira chebasa raPushkin ndezvechokwadi. "Boris Godunov", "Captain's Daughter", "Bronze Horseman" yakanyorwa mune izvi. Mukuwedzera, M.Yu. Lermontov akasika "Hero of Our Time", iyo ndiyo muenzaniso wakanaka wemabhuku echokwadi.

Chinyorwa chinokosha chakatanga kuva nheyo yeN.V. Gogol ("The Overcoat", "The Inspector General").

Pakati pevamwe vamiririri vezvinyorwa zvakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwayo, unogona kutumidza A.N. Ostrovsky ane zvishamiso zvake zvisiri izvo, I.S. Turgenev, uyo akabhadhara hurukuro yake pamusoro pemusha we serf uye chimiro, uye D.V. Grigorovich.

Zvinyorwa zvakaita chikamu chakakosha mukusimudzira tsika dzeRussia. Chikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi19 chakange chave nekuonekwa kwemazuva ano emitauro yemutauro panzvimbo yemutoro wakaremara uye unobudirira wezana remakore rechi18. Kusikwa kwevanyori nevanyori venyika ino kwakave kwakakosha uye kwakakonzera kupfurikidza kwekuumbwa kwete kwete chete Russian, asiwo tsika dzenyika.

Kubvuma nekudzokorora mabasa eRussia neEuropean civilizations, tsika yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19 yakagadzira nheyo yakasimba yekubudirira kwakanaka kwesayenzi uye unyanzvi mune ramangwana.