The miziyamu yokutanga Russia. Ndiani akazarura miziyamu yokutanga muRussia?

Mazita mamwe mamiziyamu Russian anozivikanwa wese wenyika yedu. Hermitage ichi, kuti Tretyakov Gallery uye Curiosities. Kuti yokupedzisira sangano - wokutanga miziyamu kuRussia.

Great Embassy of Peter I

Peter ndapinda national nhoroondo sechinhu muvandudzi zvose. Ndiye akavamba miziyamu yokutanga kuRussia. Muna 1698 aiva wokutanga madzimambo edu aiva Europe. Panguva iyoyowo, akaenda Western kunyika mukati Mukuru Embassy anonymously kuitira kukwezva pfungwa yake munhu.

Zvaive munguva yake European rwendo Peter I wokutanga kufunga nezvokusika kwake miziyamu. Kunyange zvazvo masangano akadaro dzakatangwa pamwe nokutsigirwa vatongi. Somuenzaniso, machinda akawanda German akaramba dzavo "cabinet pamusoro curiosities" pachake, vairinda curiosities kubva pasi pose. Mumutauro wavo pachavo vari kunzi kwakavakirwa Cabinet pamusoro Curiosities. Peter kazhinji vaikopera European munyika yavo. Naizvozvo, miziyamu rokutanga Russia akadana chete - Curiosities.

mambo Most akarova Netherlands uye England pamwe kugadzirwa wavo ano. Munyika idzi, hazvina zhadnichaya, ndakatenga zvakasiyana-siyana - mabhuku, midziyo yesayenzi, zvicherwa, zvombo. izvi zvose chakanga kuva hwaro dzokuteerera, izvo angadai akaramba miziyamu yokutanga kuRussia.

Mujinga Kunstkamery

Adzokera kumba, Peter handina kukanganwa pamusoro pfungwa dzavo. Makore mashomanana gare gare akakunda kubva Swedish Baltic kumhenderekedzo. Zvakanga pano kuti St. Petersburg rakaumbwa, apo guta guru akavhunduka nokukurumidza. Mambo akada Kunstkamera vaishanda Neva River. It akakurudzirwa muna Muna 1714 muunganidzwa wake rarities Summer Palace. Gore rino anonzi dzakavamba waichengetwa Kunstkammer. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, kuti Exhibits yaichengeterwawo muMoscow, mune kwakavakirwa Aptekarskaya muhofisi.

The miziyamu yokutanga munhoroondo Russia iri ikazadzwa Exhibits itsva. Nechekare gore rakatevera Poroshenko akaenda yechipiri rwendo rwake Europe. In Holland, mambo akashanyira yakakurumbira miziyamu kuti Albert Seba. Izvi mishonga hwose achiunganidza siyana zvicherwa, zvinomera uye anoshongwa. Akatengesa akakurumbira vakokwa kuti akawanda ake zoological muunganidzwa, izvo nokukurumidza vakagamuchira miziyamu wokutanga Russia.

Chivako chitsva kuti miziyamu

Nokuti kuti uwandu zvinhu yave ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, kwakasarudzwa kuti uchatamisa Cabinet pamusoro Curiosities munyika itsva chivakwa chinangwa-amuvakira. Building wakaradzikwa muna 1718. The purojekiti akaita zvakawanda ezvivako, mumwe nomumwe wavo akava musoro panguva imwe. Ndivo: Johann Georg Mattarnovi Nicholas Gerbel uye Mikhail Zemtsov.

Construction kwaisanyatsooneka chaizvo, uye Petro kumbozviona zvaakasika. Akafa muna 1725, apo panzvimbo Kunstkammer vachiri pachena masvingo. Chivako razvino wakavhurwa gare gare. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1734. basa iri rokuvaka nhasi (iri University Embankment). It azviita sezvinoita Petrine Baroque. In yakafanana mweya dzakavakwa zvose zvivako guru idzva rokutanga, kana akaedza kupa European zvechokwadi akatarira.

Izvi zvisati zvaitika, kuti miziyamu wokutanga kwazvo Russia kwaigara pfupi Kikin Chambers. Zvakanga pano kuti akanga pakutanga akazarura nevoruzhinji.

bhajeti nemasangano

Yakanga yakakura chivakwa maviri-storey, izvo, zvisinei, haana yaikwana ose Exhibits. The miziyamu mutsva akanga asina zvachose bhajeti, asi akagamuchira dzorubatsiro kubva woMunyu kuhofisi, uye hofisi zvokurapa. Ekupedzisira kukurwadzisa mudonzvo mari. Vakarinda pamusoro kuchengeteka Exhibits, uyewo kuwedzera muunganidzwa.

Sezvineiwo, muna 1724, Peter pachake akarayira kuti kupa rubles 400 pagore inobata vashanyi. Kana tikaenzanisa kuti Cabinet pamusoro Curiosities nevamwe mamiziyamu muEurope panguva iyoyo, uye ikoko tichaona mufananidzo zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna kuDresden ane "curiosities cabinet" zvakavapo nokuda kuchaja vaenzi. Saizvozvowo, kuti "muromo," kushanda Ashmole Museum iri Oxford Chirungu.

miziyamu zvinangwa

The miziyamu wokutanga Russia yakavhurwa kwete kuti vazvipfumise, kureva kudzidzisa voruzhinji Petersburg nungo. Vakawanda avakuru havana kuratidza kufarira zvesayenzi, iyo haina kufanana Peter. Aitarisira kuti zvichida vakasununguka inobata kokutanga kuti muStoke kufarira asina musoro chaiyo. Chokwadi, Kunstkammer akanga asiri oga mwero kuziva kwake vamwe. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti yaiva nguva yokutanga akaonekwa guru, dzose Russian pepanhau. Panguva iyoyowo anovhura chikoro chitsva muMoscow, apo nyanzvi vatorwa vakakokwa. Ndeipi miziyamu wokutanga kuRussia? Chokwadi, zviri Curiosities, izvo kubva ipapo akava muzinda sayenzi, kwete chete St. Petersburg, asi munyika.

Search Exhibits vari mumatunhu Russian

Chiitiko chinokosha chaiva pakusikwa Academy of Sciences. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1724. Zvino Curiosities akauya pasi aegis pakati tsika itsva. A chiratidzo Russian Academy of Sciences ano ndiko kuvaka Russian Museum wokutanga.

Kana kuunganidzwa kwemashoko Kunstkammer rokutanga vaiva chete vavatorwa, pamusoro nguva vakatanga "sanganisa" zvipfuwo Exhibits. Asati kutamira St. Petersburg, Peter chirevo pasi izvo Moscow School of kuvhiya anatomi wakazviunganidza batanidza naye.

Peter akaedzawo tigare wemabhuku curiosities mudunhu. Muna 1717, akatuma murayiro Voronezh commandant Stepan Kolycheva, izvo akarayira hove, "mhuka yokunyoresa" chinodiwa kuti miziyamu. Saizvozvowo, kuSiberia gavhuna Gagarin aifanira kutumira St. Petersburg anoshongwa.

nesayenzi nzendo

Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake, Peter ndakanga kufarira Geological, zoological, zvenhoroondo, matongo uye bibliographical zvinhu. Nheyo yokutanga miziyamu kuRussia rakaenderana sangano dzakawanda dzakaitwa kuMabvazuva. Vazhinji vavo vakaenda kundotsvaka zvicherwa zvaidikanwa kukura zvezvipfuwo indasitiri. Zvikurukuru zvinokosha mupfungwa iyi yaiva Ural - "Stone Belt" munyika. Geodetic mabasa vakanga vaita pamhenderekedzo kuBaltic, reCaspian, Black uye Azov makungwa.

Muna 1716-1718 gg. pedyo Astrakhan zvakanzi akawana vazhinji goridhe uye zvinhu kare zvesirivha. Peter I (uyo akazarura miziyamu rokutanga Russia) vanofarira zvikuru Zvakawanikwa izvi. Vakanga akatumirwa St. Petersburg. Yaiva midziyo rwokuzvibayira, akasara mumuromo Volga kusvika yechihedheni nguva.

Siberian rwendo Messerschmidt

Zvikuru nokuti Kunstkammer mumakore kunorwa vepakutanga Daniel Messerschmidt. Ichi nyanzvi German uye chiremba Peter kuSiberia kuti kutanga kuunganidza yakawanda yakasiyana zvinhu "wamambo cabinet." The Emperor (uyo akazarura miziyamu wokutanga Russia) ainyatsoziva kukosha kuSiberia rarities uye vaifunga kuti pasina pavo Curiosities kuva chakaremara.

Messerschmidt unganidza kwete chete rarities asiwo rinotsanangura upenyu uye mitauro zvemo avanhu kumicheto izvi. musayendisiti German ndapiwa omunharaunda vagari akapedza yakawanda shiri nemhuka, yaakanga ipapo akauya kuna St. Petersburg. Pavaifamba, Messerschmidt akapinda siyana mumaguta: Tomsk, Tobolsk, Abakan, Kuznetsk, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tyumen, etc ...

Nemhaka yake mubasa Kunstkammer vakanga zvinokosha zvinhu pamusoro ethnography, mabhuku uye kutarisana hwemashiripiti vokuMabvazuva. Raiva Mongol madzinza, Chinese nezvimwe Siberian marudzi. Rokuongorora kukosha uye kukosha anowana ane chinokosha basa yave zviunganidzwe. Messerschmidt akanga akaripira mari yokufamba. Uyewo naye akatorwa kuzvinyoresa pachena zvakawanda zvinhu pamusoro Exhibits kumba.

zvichireva Kunstkamery

Kukonzerwa kuna Kunstkammer St. Petersburg rava guta guru esayenzi munyika. Pano akauya wokutanga miziyamu hwevatambi kuRussia. Makurukota akawanda akapfuma vakatanga kuungana akaunganidzwa dzavo, vakaratidza pachena chaiwo mudzimba.

Curiosities pachayo nhasi ndiro anthropology Museum, iyo zuva anounganidza guru uwandu kuziva voruzhinji. Akapiwa zita Peter I muna kuziva mabasa ake makuru kune epamba nesayenzi.