The marangwanda kweshiri: asi STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro chii vari zvechadenga maumbirwo shiri, chii marangwanda yavo. Shiri dziri dzinonakidza nokuti chete boka kuti vertebrates (kunze zviremwaremwa), inokwanisa kwete chete kuti kuyengerera mudenga, uye kutiza ichi. Chimiro chavo unonyatsokodzera chinangwa ichi. Sezvo vatenzi dzedenga, vanokura zvakanaka pasi uye pamusoro mvura, uye vamwe vavo, zvakadai duck, - mune zvose zvitatu runyararo. Izvi rine basa shiri marangwanda kwete chete, asiwo minhenga. The chiitiko chikuru, nechokwadi kubudirira zvisikwa izvi raiva kukura minhenga yadzo. Naizvozvo, isu funga kwete chete marangwanda kweshiri, asi zvishoma ndinokuudzai nezvake.

Kufanana mvere mhuka, minhenga vakashanduka kutanga kuva kupisa insulating pakavha. Chete gare gare vakanga kuva mutakuri ndege. Birds vakapfeka minhenga, sokuti, mamiriyoni emakore vasati akawana kukwanisa kubhururuka.

Shanduka zvachinja sechivako shiri

The kwadzakabva yokutizira zvakaita kuti kugadzirisa zvose nenhengo dzawo uye maitiro. Achinja uye marangwanda kweshiri. Photos vakabvuma nokuda pamusoro - mufananidzo womukati sechivako njiva. Structural kuchinja akaratidza kunyanya kuwedzera tsandanyama simba apo mukuderedza muviri uremu. The mapfupa marangwanda kuva pamhango kana cellular kana yachinjwa kuva mutete curved mundiro, apo kuramba yakakwana simba rokuita ravo aida mabasa. In nzvimbo inorema mazino kuuya nyore muromo, munhenga chete kavha - nzwisa nenyama, kunyange zvazvo zvingava inosvika kupfuura marangwanda. Vanoda pakati zvomukati zvinobatanidzwa kufema mhepo muhomwe.

Features njivavarungu marangwanda

We zvamaronga kuti funga muudzame marangwanda kuti hangaiwa. Inoitwa mapfupa pelvic, mapfupa ari bapiro, muswe vertebrae, hunde, muromo wechibereko nomuzongoza uye cranium. The dehenya dzoga mutsipa, korona, huma, muromo uye yakakura chaizvo ziso nezvigadziko. The muromo iri muzvikamu zviviri - repamusoro uye kudzikisirwa. Vanotanga kunze mumwe. Remuromo inosanganisira mujinga pamutsipa, huro uye mutsipa. njivavarungu marangwanda ari dorsal chikamu kuchibva sacral, lumbar uye thoracal vertebrae. Zamu - of sternum, uye 7 majoko mbabvu wakaiswa kuti thoracal vertebrae. Caudal vertebrae vari flattened uye zvakabatanidzwa disks, rinoumbwa connective tishu. Kwakadaro, vakawanda mashoko, shiri marangwanda. Scheme rakachengetedzwa kukurukurwa pamusoro.

unoponesa marangwanda

Unoponesa marangwanda chokuita zvinofamba shiri pamakumbo avo hadzi uye kushandisa mberi nokuda kutiza, zvakajeka zvikuru anotaurwa papfudzi uye pelvic bhanhire. bhandi papfudzi ari nokuramba wakaomerera panzira chokuita sternum, uye nokuti muviri panguva kutiza sezvo yakaturikwa pamapapiro. Izvi zvinoitwa kunokwana simba vashoma mapfupa coracoid zvisipo mune mhuka.

Marangwanda shiri haana yekudyidzana kunowedzera pelvic bhanhire. Hadzi dzomuviri mhuka idzi ngaunyatsobata zvakanaka pasi (pamatavi kana achikwira kana apo yokufambisa pamusoro mvura) uye, zvakakosha, vadzimwa zvinobudirira anorova nechinguvana kumhara. Sezvo pfupa vakava mutete, simba ravo dzinowedzerwa Fusion nemumwe apo achinja maumbirwo shiri marangwanda. Sezvo ari mhuka, vatatu aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mapfupa pelvic fused kuti musana uye kune mumwe. Akabatanidza hunde vertebrae, kubva wokupedzisira thoracal uye anopera wokutanga muswe. vose vakava rutivi zvakaoma pamusoro sacrum, izvo akasimbisa pelvic bhanhire, vachibvumira magumo shiri kuita mabasa avo pasina kukanganisa kushanda nevamwe gadziriro.

Mbabvu shiri

uye chinofanira kufungwa rimwe gumbo, achirondedzera sechivako marangwanda shiri. Ivo dzakachinjwa zvakasimba zvichienzaniswa hwokufananidzira zvinhu hunhu vertebrates. Saka, tarsal uye metatarsal mapfupa miforo uye akabatanidzwa pamwechete iumbe mamwe chidimbu migumo. Pechidya Kazhinji zvakavigwa pasi minhenga. In hadzi Mbabvu akaonekwa mashandiro unobvumira shiri vakaramba pamatavi. Finger flexor nhema pamusoro ibvi. refu nemarunda zvavo vawedzere pamwe pamberi divi ibvi, ipapo shure-divi bobbin uye yakaderera pechiso minwe. By vaikunga minwe, kana shiri uta bazi mudzira mashandiro dzevhudzi navo, saka kuti kupambwa asingadi kuderera, kunyange panguva hope. By kwayo hadzi muzvidimbu shiri mamiriro chaizvo rakafanana rutsoka vanhu, asi vakawanda mapfupa gumbo uye rutsoka mariri fused.

bhuracha

Zvinoratidza zvinhu shiri marangwanda, cherechedza kuti kunyanya chimbichimbi kuchinja chokuita kwadzakabva kuti kutiza kwakaitika mumakwenzi mamiriro. Mapfupa vasara forelimbs zvakakurira pamwe kuumba rutsigiro zvikuru kutiza minhenga. Vakapona yokutanga munwe kutsigira wokugaya nokuda kurova-rova iyo anoita somunhu dzakananga regulator, izvo zvinoderedza braking bapiro yakaderera ndege aimhanya. Secondary ndege minhenga vasiyana ulna. Pamwe chete zvinoshamisa zano pacharo minhenga zvose akasika bapiro - muviri, dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda uye adaptive plasticity. Below ndiyo marangwanda ane yakatotsakatika muzana remakore rechi17 zviri waDhodho shiri.

mapapiro

Lift uye kuzvidzora muchitiza zvinopa kutiza uye minhenga, asi nzvimbo dzavo aerodynamic vasati ainyatsonzwisisa. Chaiye kutiza, flapping mapapiro kufamba pasi uye naanotevera, uye ipapo - zvikuru kumusoro uye shure. Pamusoro rova pasi bapiro ane mawere angled kurwiswa, anofanira kuti kudzima kumhanya kana minhenga chikuru asina kushanda panguva ino sezvo yakazvimirira inotakura ndege, kudzivisa chinovhiringidza. chinyoreso Mumwe ari zvayaitenderera paguyo uye pasi pamwe nomubato, saka kuti mberi kutungamirira kunoguma traction Ichibatsirwa uye tisingabatanidzi avo kumigumo. Uyezve, pane imwe pakona kurwiswa yacho vanekuva unopiwa kubva pamberi bapiro. Izvi zvikonzero chekawo kuti akazoita mhirizhonga uyo akaendesa Ndege uye nokudaro richipedza chinovhiringidza. Kumhara pre shiri extinguishes akurumidze, Positioning muviri ari wehunyambiri ndege uye yokururamisa braking muswe mapapiro.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako siyana mapapiro shiri

Bird, kukwanisawo kubhururuka zvishoma nezvishoma, vane zvikuru yaiyevedza nemaburi dzeparamende. Somuenzaniso, Golden Eagle (Aquilachysaetos, dzinomirirwa pamusoro) zvikamu pakati minhenga vanoumba 40% of zvachose bapiro nzvimbo. At magora vari yakafara chaizvo muswe pave zvimwe vachasimudza kana dzinodzengerera. Other kunyanyisa zvichienzaniswa mapapiro egondo uye magora anoumba refu uye yakamanikana mapapiro seabirds.

Somuenzaniso, albatrosses (mufananidzo mumwe wavo akapa pamusoro) iri anenge asina anopapama azvo, dzinodzengerera nemhepo, uye ipapo swooping, ichikwira chimwe chinhu inotonhorera. nzira yavo yokutizira zvakadaro kushandiswa kuti yakadzikama ekunze vari chaizvoizvo glued pasi. Hummingbird mapapiro uri neminhenga chikuru uye kuita Kurohwa anopfuura 50 pasekondi yoga yoga, kana shiri ichimuremera mumhepo; vachiri kufamba shure uye anobuda chinjikira ndege.

minhenga

Minhenga inokwanisa kuita zvakasiyana siyana mabasa. Saka, zvakaoma ndege uye minhenga vanoumba namapapiro uye muswe. A opaque uye gandiwa kupa shiri faired muviri uye Zvinhu Zvisina Basa iri chafariz insulator. Akasendamira mumwe akafanana denga usina kukonekita, minhenga kusika pakavha enderera pachaenzaniswa. Fine nemamiriro chinyoreso yakakura kupfuura dzimwe anatomical features, dzinovimbisa kubudirira neshiri dzedenga. Mumwe vanekuva rine mazana neminzwa, izvo riri mundege imwe kumativi maviri web, uye kubva kwavari mativi anomunzwira barbules vakatakura zvikorekedzo kurutivi kure kubva muviri reshiri. zvikorekedzo izvi vanonamatira chechetere barbules zvapfuura musara neminzwa yaro, iyo anobvumira kuti vachengete chimiro vanekuva kuchinja. On nomumwe Makhov munhenga shiri huru vari kusvika 1.5 miriyoni. Barbules.

The rugwaro yayo kukosha

The muromo kweshiri vachikorovhera muviri. On muenzaniso woodcock (Scolopaxrusticola, mumwe wavo unoratidzwa mufananidzo pamusoro), unogona kuona kuoma sei zvinogona Zvakaitwa muromo, shiri plunges nayo muvhu, vachivhima gonye. Kugumburwa chiurawa, shiri rutapudzo zvinoenderana tsandanyama runoita mberi mapfupa mativi kuti vari nhengo mandibular chematenga. Avo, akavapindurawo, vasundire mberi ari zygomatic pfupa, izvo zvinokonzera kuti flex muromo yokumusoro mandible, chinhu denderedzwa gomba kuburikidza izvo subclavian tsandanyama mudzira wanamatira rokumusoro kurutivi pamapfudzi. Nokudaro, apo kuderedza subclavian tsandanyama bapiro rinobuda, apo nokuderedza vacheche - Haatauri.

Saka, takabva huru zviri shiri marangwanda mamiriro. Tinovimba iwe akaona chinhu chitsva pamusoro zvisikwa izvi zvinoshamisa.