"Mweya Wakafa": kuongorora kwebasa. "Mweya Wakafa", Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol

Rimwe remabhuku makuru ayo NV Gogol akanyora ndi "Mweya Yakafa." Maonero evanhu vakawanda venguva yakareba Nikolai Vasilyevich, avo vaimuziva zvakanyanya, vanoti munyori haana kusiya pfungwa yake pachake. Akazviziva semunhu wakadanwa kune chimwe chikonzero chikuru.

Nhamba yekutanga yenhetembo uye kopi yayo

Yaiva bhuku iri rakava mupiro wake mukuru kune mamwe mabhuku. Shanda pairi Gogol akatanga mu gumi nemasere nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu, pakarepo mushure mekubudirira kwevheveli yake. Iyi ndiyo nguva yekukurukurirana kwakasimba pakati pemunyori naAlexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, avo vakaratidzawo chirongwa che "Mweya Yakafa".

Nikolai Vasilyevich akagamuchira mvumo yekupa censorship yekudhindwa kwevhesi yekutanga mumakore makumi mana nemaviri ezana remakore rechi19, kwete pasina kuoma. Zvimwe zvigadziriswe zvakagadzirwa kune zvinyorwa kuwedzera kune kuda komunyori. Musoro wehurukuro yakashandurwa. Asi zvisinei zvakadaro bhuku racho zvisinei rakasvika kumuverengi.

Akabudiswa muimba yokudhinda yeMoscow University. Munyori pachake akadana bhuku rinonzi Dead Souls, kana Chichikov's Adventures. Izvi zvakapa zvimwe zviitiko zvevhidhiyo yekuenderera kune basa. Gogol akakwanisa kusvika nekutaridzirwa kwebhuku rake.

Iyo munyori ikopi ichiri kuchengetwa muraibhurari yezvesayenzi, iyo inotsigirwa naNikolai Vasilyevich pachake, iyo inotsigira kuve kwechokwadi kwemashoko aya. Uye kudhindwa kupi zvese kwebasa kunoenzaniswa nekopi iyi, yakachengetwa mumadziro eMoscow University.

Basa "Vakafa Vakafa". Kuongorora kwemazuva nemhando

Sezvo bhuku racho rakabudiswa pasi pemusoro unoti "Adventures of Chichikov, kana Mweya Yakafa," nenzira dzakawanda yakaratidzika kufanana nehutambo, ruzivo rwakanga rwuri nyore rwusina kuisa muverengi kune chinhu chakakwirira. Saka avo vaifungidzira vakafunga uye avo vakasarudza kuchinja musoro.

Uye vanyori vemazuva ano vanotsvakurudza vanoita basa reMweya Mweya (maitiro avo anonyanya kukosha kupfuura maonero evanorarama vanogara panguva yaGogol), pakutanga kwevose vanoona kuti basa rine chimiro chisina kujairika - ndicho nhetembo. Mumwe muverengi wezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe akafanirwa nechokuti iyo iyo marudzi inofanira kunyorwa mundima, se "Demon" kana "Caucasian captive". Asi Nikolai Vasilyevich anozvipa muprose. Kungofanana naAlexander Sergeevich akambotaura basa rake rakasiyana rakasiyana "Eugene Onegin", iyo inova inoverengeka, asi mundima. Aya ndiwo mabasa maviri anokosha ane maitiro avo asina kufanana nezvose.

Asi paivawo nhetembo dzekare, uye kurondedzera bhuku rake nerudzi urwu, Gogol akatungamirirwa zvakanyatsorongeka nezviyero zvekare. Mupfungwa dzake kwaive nechirongwa chikuru, pasi rose chebasa guru, raifanira kuva nemitatu mitatu.

Zvigadziriswa kugadzirwa uye matambudziko ezuva nezuva evanhu

Kusvika iye zvino, vakawanda vanoziva nebasa iri rakanaka, iro NV Gogol akanyora. "Mweya Yakafa" ndiyo yakanyatsogadzira nguva, yakagadzirwa nemitambo, iyo munyori akatsvaka kukudza iyo yose yeRussia uye hukuru hwemweya wayo wenyika. Asi vese vaverengi vose vakaroverwa nekusiyana kwezvinhu zviviri: kune rumwe rutivi - rutivi rwekukura kwebasa, uye kune rimwewo - zvimwe zviitiko zvisingaverengeki zvezuva nezuva kubva muupenyu hwemaRussia yemazuva ano.

Imwe nemumwe sekunge semhedzisi haina kufanana. Kunyangwe kutanga kwechirongo kunotanga kusinganzwisisiki uye kushungurudza mafungiro, apo chirongwa chacho chinokurukura zvimwe zvishoma nezvekupinda kwebhuku rebhuku kupinda muguta.

Zvinoreva zita rebasa

Ndechipi chikonzero chebhuku rebhuku iro Gogol (Dead Souls) rakasika? Pashure pezvose, mweya haugoni kufa, hauna kufa. Ichi chinyorwa chinotora chirevo. Asi pano pane chimwe chinokosha zvikuru kuna Nikolai Vasilyevich chinangwa - ichi ndicho kutengeswa kwemweya. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune sangano pamwe nekutengesa nadhiyabhorosi.

Muedzo, uipi uye dhiyabhorosi zvinotanga muhupenyu - ndizvo zvinowanikwa mune zviitiko zvinowanzoitika. Izvi ndizvo izvo munyori aida kusimudzira mubasa rake "Dead Souls", izvo zvarinotarisa pakutanga hazvisi kutora muverengi kuti zvionekwe zvakakomba. Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chemunyori, zvakakosha kuti tinyatsozviziva nemaitiro ake ekunyora.

Iyo capitalist system kana kupindira kwadhiyabhorosi

Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zveGogol inhoroondo yeThe Dead Souls yakakurumidza kunzwisiswa nevose venguva nemadzinza. Asi iye pachake, Nikolai Vasilyevich ainyanya kuva munyori wenhema. Kwaari zvinonyanya kukosha zvinoitika pane pasi pekuve.

Chichikov, iye zvechokwadi anomiririra dhiyabhorosi. Iye anotenga mweya. Uye, somuenzaniso, varidzi venyika mu "Vakafa Mhepo", avo vanopararira kwose kwose mubhuku rino, vanoita zvisingaverengeki zvevanhu vanofa. Kana kuti "jug snout" chiratidzo chokuti vakuru vakuru vakanyengedzera kwezana rose remakore. Tsanangudzo yakajeka yakakwana inoenderana nekuonekwa kwechinhu ne peneni.

Izvi zvakakosha chaizvo. Gogol haasi kungotsoropodza ruzivo rwehukuru muRussia, anosimbisa kuti nzira yakadaro ndiyo kupindira zvakananga kwegehena muhupenyu hwevanhu. Uye mifananidzo mu "Mweya Yakafa" - uchapupu hwakananga hwehwo.

Kutengesa kwemweya yakafa

Zvose zviitiko zvinowanikwa mubasa rinoita sezviri pasi pemutemo. Izvozvi, kusvikira nhamba yevanhu vese yakawanda yakaitika, hapana anoziva kuti vanhu ava vakafa. Nokudaro, vanowanikwa pamutemo zvakakwana zviripo.

Pasinei nehupenyu hwevanhu vakadaro, vakaitwa kakawanda. Uye vanhu vakapfuura kubva kune imwe nzvimbo vachienda kune imwe, sezvinhu. Izvi ndizvo izvo Gogol aida kusimudzira. "Mweya Yakafa" ibasa risina mhosva pasina kutsoropodza kwete kungoenzana kwehupenyu hwevanhu, asiwo kusakwana kwenheyo iripo panguva iyoyo muRussia.

Kusina pfungwa, kana Fantasmagoric world

Nhamba dzakawanda dzisina kufungidzirwa dzinosanganisira kusava nemafungiro mune zviitiko. Kubva pamapeji ekutanga muverengi ari kubhabhatidzwa mune imwe nyika fantasmagoric, uko zvisinganzwisisi zvachose kana mitemo ye logic, chokwadi, kana ichi hachisi Russia, asi mumvuri wayo. Chimwe chimwe cheimwe nyika, imwe nzvimbo yepasi, uko zvinhu zvose zvinoonekwa uye panguva imwechete zvakadzoka. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakakurumbira yakaitwa mukusika kwake N.V. Gogol. "Mweya Yakafa" yaifanira kuva nemabhuku matatu, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo aizoratidza chimwe chiitiko: gehena, purgatory uye paradhiso. Uye iyo yekutanga yevheti ndiyo inonzi infernal, otherworldly, pasi peRussia.

Tsika dzebasa risina kujairika

Uye pakarepo mubvunzo unomuka: "Vanhu vorudzii vanogara munyika yakadaro?" Zvakaoma kupindura. Vanhu vakawanda vari mubasa havawanzo mazita, vamwe vane, asi vari kutaura, vachitaura muverengi kumitambo.

Gogol anopa nzvimbo yakazara yemhando dzevanhu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoita imwe nzvimbo yemunhu. Semuenzaniso, Manilov - dreaminess, Nozdrev - razuhbistaya, risingabatsiri kuwedzera, Plyushkin - stinginess. Asi varidzi venyika mu "Vakafa Mhepo" inonyanya kuratidza unhu hwakaderera huripo muhupenyu hwevanhu.

Kuvapo kwehupenyu hwemhare dzebasa

Kunyanya kuGogol kunoenderana nokuti hero yacho ine biography kana kwete. Kubva apa, kutanga kwezvose, uye zvinoenderana nezvayo. "Mweya Yakafa" ine nhamba huru yevanhu, asi kwete munhu wese ane nheyo yake.

Nezve Manilov, munyori anoti iye akaroorana kwemakore masere. NezveSobakevich zvishoma, asi pamusoro peChichikov naPlyushkin vakataura zvakajeka. Kwete chete nezvezvavari iko zvino, asiwo nezvezvavakapfuura, uye kunyange nezvehuduku hwavo. Vakawira pasi pemamwe magamba ebasa, asi maererano nefilosofi yaNikolai Vasilyevich, izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kuponeswa, vane zvakadzika. Izvi ndizvo zvakavapa ivo biography mubasa.

Kana iwe ukatora vaverengi ivavo vakatanga kutanga vazivana nebasa re "Vakafa Vakafa", maonero avo nemafungiro avo anobvumirana kuti chichikov unhu hunozivikanwa zvikuru. Zvichida ari mudiki muduku, kana kuti mufananidzo wegehena yeheroin. Zvakanyanya kuoma kutaura zvakashata.

Lyrical digressions mukusikwa kwaGogol

Zvakakosha zvakakwana mubhuku raNikolai Vasilyevich rwiyo rwekutsvaga, kunyatsoteterera kwemuverengi kune muverengi. Uye chimwe chekujeka ndechekuguma kwemubhuku wekutanga we "Mweya Yakafa."

Pano zvinonzwika mubvunzo unozivikanwa weGogol: "Russia, uri kukurumidza kupi!" Asi hapana mhinduro kumashoko aya. Uye kunyarara uku kunonyanya kukwira pamagumo ebasa. Imwe nzira yeRussia isinganzwisiswi. Uye zvinogona sei kutaridzika, kana iri nyika iyo isina simba uye yakarurama, chaiye uye inonakidza yakanyatsopindirana.

Iri basa rakakonzera mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana, nokuti muRussia panguva iyoyo, kudiwa kwekugadzirisa, kuparadzwa kweserfdom uye chikoro chirango chakanga chave chine manzwiro . Uye Nikolai Vasilyevich akadanidzira nenzwi guru chido chekudzidzisa tsika dzevanhu vose vevanhu.