Sezvo ivhu rakaumbwa? ivhu inotungamirwa: mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinhu uye muitiro

Ivhu - dzakasiyana dzinongoitika inotungamirwa, vaine wembereko. "Nyika" rinoshandiswa kazhinji kureva shoko. Sei ivhu pamusoro redu uye zvinhu zvipi kukanganiswa izvi?

Chii ivhu?

Ndiyo pamusoro rukoko wenyika ari panyika. Soil inotungamirwa yakaitika vakadhakwa pamusoro pamatombo ari zvinoverengeka. Rine yayo rakasiyana sezvamunoita, mamiriro nezvimwewo.

Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba ari biosphere uye zvipenyu munharaunda munyika, nekuti ipapo rinoitwa munyu wenyika zvipenyu ukama zvachose zvose zvipenyu pamwe zvikukutu, mura uye gaseous hamvuropu panyika.

Dokuchaev, uyo vakawanda kwazvo kudzidza mubvunzo kuti ivhu rakaumbwa, akaiti "kuratidzwa nzvimbo", nokuti nawo anotaurawo huru zviri imwe nzvimbo. Ivhu pabutiro ariwo kutituma kuti chirimwa nemunharaunda asi panguva imwe chete, iye kunoenderana pavo.

ivhu ehupfumi

Anokosha pfuma hwevhu runoratidzwa mano ayo kuitira miriwo kukura.

Zvinooneka ehupfumi dzinosanganisira:

• unaku (arambe achirema uye kukura ivhu nezvimedu);
• mvura vanokwanisa (kwaniso yekubata uye kuramba mvura);
• microbial sezvamunoita;
• acidity.

Soil inotungamirwa Zvinhu

The kosi ivhu inotungamirwa kwacho kuri zvakananga novimba dzinongoitika ezvinhu kana zvinhu, chaakanga unobuda. Zvinokoshawo kufunga mubatanidzwa yaro, sezvo ivo dzichiita yose muitiro.

ivhu inotungamirwa mamiriro akakamurwa nezvemarudzi shanu:

• ivhu-vanoumba dombo;
• chirimwa vemunharaunda;
• Basa mhuka uye Micro-zvinenge;
• okunze;
• zororo;
• makore muvhu pakavha.

Zvinonzi zvino yoga govera zvimwe zvinhu zviviri - kugara mvura uye munhu. Musi mubvunzo kuti ivhu rakaumbwa, kufambisa chinhu chaivo.

mubereki matombo

Zvachose vose ivhu butiro redu vakatanga aumbe pahwaro pamatombo. The kutituma iri yavo makemikari anoumba, sezvo ivhu pakavha absorbs chikamu mubereki padombo. The hunhu uye dzidziso acho sei ehupfumi padombo akadai arambe achirema, porosity, kukwanisa kuitisa kupisa, ukuru microparticles.

Climate

The simba okunze paivhu inotungamirwa zvichiitika siyana chaizvo. The Pane zvinhu ndiwo okunze ekushandiswa kunonaya uye tembiricha. Conditions nokuti mugadziriro uwandu kupisa, mwando, uye riparadzirwe nokuparadzirwa yavo muchadenga. Climatic chinhu kunooneka pachayo iri nedanho weathering. Climate anewo isina kunanga Impact, nokuti anosarudza nokuvapo mamwe chirimwa munharaunda.

Plants uye Animals

Plants pamwe mudzi wavo hurongwa zvinopfuura mubereki dombo uye runopiwa pemvura zvinokosha zvicherwa, ayo zvino dzikwanise Organic yeimwe.

Sezvazvakanyorwa kuumbwa manyowa ivhu? Dead chirimwa zvikamu akapfuma chicherwa zvinhu, garai okumusoro akaturikidzana. Nokuda chichiitwa kwetunhu uye manyowa pane makemikari nyaya pamusoro pemvura ivhu pakavha anova yakaorera.

Dyarai vemunharaunda kushandura okunze nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, mumasango ari zhizha akanaka muchitonhorera, mwando ikawanda, shoma simba mhepo, mukusiyana kune Mafuro.

A dzakawanda zvipenyu chokumusoro yakaorera rukoko Nyika. Panguva zvokurarama nazvo zvavo zvinomera uye anoora Organic residues. Naizvozvo mhuka tsvina vari kunyura miti zvakare.

The muunganidzwa zvinomera nemhuka nemunharaunda mune dzimwe nzvimbo ine nezvainoita paumbwe rwevhu. Somuenzaniso, ivhu dema aumba chete pasi wemarudzi-inowanzorimwa mhando zvinomera.

rubatsiro

chinhu ichi ane isina kunanga kukanganisa ivhu inotungamirwa rikurumidze. The kuzorodzwa inorondedzera mutemo redistribution kuti unyoro uye nokupisa. Zvichienderana mumhu kuchinja tembiricha ezvinhu. Rinobatanidzwa ne kureba hunyambiri zonation ari makomo ose panyika.

Yezvakaita kuzorodzwa kunotema ukuru kwechirwere kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze pavhu inotungamirwa. Redistribution kuti kunayisa imhaka kumusoro kusiyana. In yakaderera-nhema nzvimbo mwando rinoungana, uye pamusoro mujinga zvikomo uye haina kunonoka. Kumaodzanyemba mujinga kuchamhembe hemisphere kugamuchira zvakawanda kupisa kupfuura hwokuchamhembe.

Age ivhu

Ivhu muviri wechisikigo, iyo nguva dzose Virtual. Nzira iyo tinoona zvino ivhu pabutiro - ichi rinongova rimwe nzendo ayo chichiitwa kukura. Kunyange kana nokuumba pezvakaitwa hakuzochinji mune ramangwana, imwe chapamusoro chaidzo rakaorera zvikuru kuchinja.

Age iri pakubhadhara maviri - hama uye mhedziso. Mhedziso zera ndiyo nguva yakapfuura kubvira paumbwe ivhu kufukidza kusvikira panguva padariro ayo kukura. Zvisinei, havasi vose venyika yose nguva yawo dzakaitika pakukura zviri. Hama zera - musiyano iri topsoil rukoko kukura mukati chete ndima.

Age zvingava zvakasiyana - kubva mazana kusvikira zvemakore.

Sezvo ivhu rakaumbwa?

mubvunzo uyu Zvinofadza kuti nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru masayendisiti uye nevaongorori. We funga pasi kazhinji akabvuma shanduro nhoroondo Anoumba kwacho.

Earth ane incandescent chinoumba hwakasimba izvo takapoteredzwa jasi with hot viscous marongerwo. Zvayaiva pamusoro rokunze goko, chine matombo.

Makore mabhiriyoni mana apfuura, Earth akatanga zvichitonhorera. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, magma anouya pamusoro uye kuumbwa basalts, uye apo vakaramba pasi payo, yakaumbwa kuti girenayiti. Primary mubereki dombo zvakachinja vakadhakwa nechitarisiko zvinhu, kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma reongororo zvicherwa matsva.

Mushure okisijeni iri muchadenga akaonekwa, ndakatanga vaumbe emadhaka rukoko. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kupfurikidza muitiro weathered mubereki dombo akatonyanya friable uye akanga nomuti oxygen. Saka, pane ivhu, jecha, gypsum uye reraimu.

Pane chakajairika nemaonero kuti upenyu panyika yave iripo kwemakore anopfuura mabhiriyoni matatu. Maererano zvichangobva kudzidzwa, nguva ino munyika kare zvipenyu utachiona uye majemusi. Wekutanga zvipenyu zviri nyore kujairana zvinhu zvitsva dzezvakatipoteredza vaiva omnivores. Mukuita upenyu ivo kusunungura vamwe makemikari kuti kuiparadza matombo uye nokukurumidza uwande. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba ivhu ine mosses, lichens, uye ipapo zvinomera uye mhuka. Somugumisiro kugarwa ichi yakaumbwa manyowa.

Ivhu pabutiro kunokosha chaizvo kuti vanhu. Inofanira akadzidza nechinangwa kukura zvokurima uye miti, uyewo nokuda engineering kuvakwa kuongorora. Kuziva zvivako yokumusoro paiva ivhu rakaorera zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa zvinetso Geological ubanguranyika uye dzokubudisa kuti zvicherwa nezviwanikwa, utano, zvakatipoteredza.